H ] 
. • effe 'i t °/ inoculation ^ illustrated by a comparison of the period 
, V ' elapsed alter removal from contact of an injected and non-imected 
herd. 1 he injected herd were injected with double the minimum dose of 
serum the day they were removed from contact. The date of onset of the 
disease m both groups was determined by the rise of temperature. 
Non-injected Herd. —Cases developed on the 4th, 6th, isth and 17th davs 
and 3 months later from fresh infection. ' 7 
noneZte^ deVel °P ed on the 2nd - 3rd, 5th and 6th days and 
some days: b groups the “contact” extended over a period of 
W f th . Malay buffaloes the susceptibility is so great that small doses 
were obviously useless A young Malay buffalo was given 10 times the 
proportional dose usually sufficient for protection with Siamese cattle and 
to infection'^ 7t f ^ ^ the beaSt was then exposed 
to infection. It developed the disease in 5 days and died after 3 days illness 
e same proportional dose was subsequently used by Mr. Ford for 
full grown buffaloes and no immunity resulted. 
Though the value of the serum 'is limited it is still great, and simplifies 
le problem of dealing with an epidemic. By the use of serum in efficient 
doses only those cattle already infected and in the incubation stage are 
attacked, the others escape. I he period of quarantine required is shortened, 
f r WU 7 eaC ' fre f sh case a , f / esh P enod of quarantine would be required dating 
rom the time of removal from contact with the diseased animal. Animals 
so protected are less liable to contract and, therefore, to convey the disease 
than animals unprotected. 
Prevent ton.— The number of cattle imported at the various ports in the 
bederated Malay States per annum is some 2,000 cattle and about 5,000 
buffaloes. Many others brought from a distance are landed at Straits 
Settlements ports, Malacca, and Prai, and marched overland into the 
< ederated Malay States. Cattle are also marched across both the Northern 
. ou boundaries, effectual quarantine would, therefore, appear 
to be impossible, and on quarantine alone without provision for dealing with 
outbreaks occurring inland reliance cannot be placed. 
The fact, however, remains, that two outbreaks were stopped at the 
quarantine station, and that with effective supervision at the port two others 
would Probably have been stopped, and that one of these would have been 
stopped it notification of the disease in the great distributing port of Penan^ 
had been enforced. 0 
Quarantine has been of value, and more thoroughly carried out would 
be of greater. As, however, the expense of large ^quarantine stations 
is considerable, and that without a thoroughly competent veterinarv 
inspector are only of uncertain use, the advisability of limiting the number 
of ports at which bullocks can be imported is worthy of consideration. 
_ Inoculation with serum at Penang and Singapore would reduce the risk 
of importation but not prevent it. 
The main reliance after quarantine, in my opinion, must be on internal 
administration. Quarantine is valuable but at times must fail. 
It is, I hope, clear that in these epidemics the difficulty in preventing 
the spread of the disease once it is introduced is the absence of early 
notification of the disease and the impossibility of ascertaining what 
transfers of cattle have been made. 
