Volume I 
DECEMBER 1908 
No. 4 
A CAUSE OF APPENDICITIS AND OTHER INTESTINAL 
LESIONS IN MAN AND OTHER VERTEBRATES. 
By A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S., Hon. D.Sc. (Princeton), 
Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College , Cambridge , and Reader in Zoology 
in the University. 
Observations on Birds. 
Our observations on a large number of recently dead or dying 
grouse impels us to believe that in many cases death is primarily 
caused by the presence of parasitic worms, either Cestodes or Nematodes 
iu various parts of the alimentary canal. 
Cestoda. 
Conspicuous amongst the entozoa of the Grouse is Davainea urogalli 
(Modeer), which in the grouse is only found in the small intestine. 
This is the tapeworm known to sportsmen and to keepers; it indeed 
frequently protrudes from the hinder end of the alimentary canal and 
sometimes trails like a pennant behind a bird that is flying. Besides 
this we have very frequently a second genus and species of Cestode the 
Hymenolepis microps (Diesing) which we have for the first time recorded 
from the grouse, this occurs in the duodenum with a third species 
Davainea cesticillus (Molin), but as we have only found this twice it may 
be neglected in a consideration of the effects of the cestode parasites 
upon the health of the birds. 
In this enquiry I propose to confine myself to the action of entozoa 
on the wall of the alimentary canal and having given a short, pre¬ 
liminary account of what happens in the grouse to consider the evidence 
which is accumulating of injury done to the human intestine, caecum and 
appendix by the presence of entozoa. 
Parasitology i 
17 
