G. A. Turner 
211 
small nodules of cartilage. They have an opalescent appearance, 
glistening in bright sunlight. If one of these vesicles be removed and 
placed under a cover-slip it takes a certain amount of pressure to burst 
it. Microscopically, it consists of a capsule containing a little clear or 
cloudy fluid, in which is suspended a nest of black terminal spined ova, 
or the debris of ova. I think it may be stated that the various coats of 
the bladder become thickened to a greater or less degree in every case 
of the disease (due to the interstitial growth of fibrous tissue. See 
Bowley, Lancet, April, 1889). In some, the thickening is very slightly 
marked, but in others they may be half an inch thick, like the walls of 
a uterus. Such a condition greatly reduces the capacity of the organ, 
and at the same time diminishes its power of expansion. 
Ureters. These are the organs which, next to the bladder, are most 
commonly affected. The portions of the ureters which pass through 
the bladder wall, and the first two inches of their lower ends, are the 
parts usually implicated. Occasionally patches of infection of about an 
inch in extent, may be found midway between the bladder and the 
kidneys, sometimes even nearer than this to the latter organs. The 
conditions of the mucous membrane of these tubes vary markedly. In 
some the affected parts have a soft pale cream-coloured velvety appear¬ 
ance. In others there are dark brown gritty patches. When such 
occur near the bladder, the lumen of the tube is frequently distended, 
and almost blocked with masses of brown sandy material looking 
somewhat like coffee grounds. On one occasion I removed about half a 
tea-spoonful of this substance from each ureter, which microscopically I 
found to consist of black terminal spined ova and their debris. 
Once I found the mucous membrane sprinkled with dark specks 
like black powder grains. These were exceedingly hard. I broke a 
cover-slip in crushing one of them. I believe they consisted of calcified 
debris of ova, and that they are a secondary condition to the little 
vesicles already described as appearing in the bladder, as I found similar 
vesicles in the ureters in close proximity to the black specks. On one 
occasion the lumen of the left ureter was completely obliterated in four 
places, and the kidney on the corresponding side was cystic and atrophied. 
With adherent tissues it only weighed 37 grammes. 
The walls of the ureters become hypertrophied in the same manner 
as do those of the kidneys. 
Kidneys. Calculus. On only one occasion have I found a stone in 
the kidney. It was about the size of a millet seed and lay in the calyx 
of the left organ. 
Parasitology i 
14 
