PART 1.] 
Annual Report for 1873 . 
o 
containing a distinctive marine fauna. Such a connection has long since been made for the 
Rajmahal group, through the Kach deposits ; but the connection of the Rajmahal group itself 
in its typical area with the main rock-series is very uncertain. Mr. King has at last been 
so fortunate as to hit upon what may yield a clue to our puzzle—a fossiliferous zone of marine 
beds at Bagavapuram, thirty miles due west of Rajamaudri, well intercalated with 
the upper sandstones, continuous with those overlying the Beddadanole coal-measures. 
In the same region, at Innaparaz Katapili, thirty miles north-north-east of Coeonada, 
he also found fossils, in some detached sandstone beds along the northern margin of the 
Godavari delta. These latter fossils have been recognised by Dr. Stoliezka as on the 
horizon of his Oomia zone (uppermost jurassic) in the Kach series, the same which 
had long since been assimilated to the Rajmahal group. The Ragavapuram fossils did 
not reach in time for Dr. Stoliezka to examine them. They are at least specifically different 
from those of Innaparaz, and underlie a rock which Mr. King conjectures to represent 
that of the outliers. The facies of them, so far as a non-expert can pronounce, is jurassic. 
Above all these rocks, and underlying the trap, Mr. King discriminates a belt of sands with 
a thin limestone, characteristically similar to the Lameta or infra-trappean group of the 
Central Provinces, and which he conjectures to be cretaceous; the fossils in the limestone 
being distinct from those of the well-known Pangadi inter-trappean bods close by. The 
working out of all these suggestions is of the greatest importance to the geological history 
of India. 
In this connection notice may appropriately be taken of a document quite recently pub¬ 
lished and circulated by the Government of Madras. It consists of a large-scale map, in 
divers colours, of a small area on the Kistua river about fifty miles south -by-east of the 
Singareni coal-field; with an explanatory text by Colonel Applegath, in which the old 
assertions are repeated regarding his discovery of coal there many years ago, with the addi¬ 
tion that, having recently visited the coal-fields of the upper Damuda valley, he is in a 
position to assert the geological identity of the formations. It only needed this to complete 
the anomaly. Whatever possibility there might be of a coal being found in these rocks, quite 
distinct from that of the Indian coal-measures and unobserved by more recent explorers, 
it is really not within the range of possibility that several geologists of experience should 
so utterly confound rocks with which they are perfectly familiar. The ground referred 
to is the northern extremity of a large geological basin, of which a map with detailed des¬ 
cription was published during last year in the Memoirs of the Survey. Working from 
the south, Messrs. King and Foote had no hesitation whatever in identifying these 
rocks on the Kistna as part of the connected series of Kadapah and Karnfil rocks, in the 
examination of which they had been engaged for several consecutive seasons. After the com¬ 
pletion of that work Mr. King moved northwards, and found no difficulty whatever in recog¬ 
nizing the true coal-bearing series in the Singareni field, for the exploration of which by 
borings he gave indications which have proved successful. An account of this was also 
published during last year. Still we find the false prophets apparently in as great favor as 
ever with the authorities in Madras. Comment on such proceedings would be superfluous. 
More to the north, in the Godavari basin, Mr. Hughes was engaged for the whole season 
in the Wardha coal-field; but frequent interruptions greatly retarded his progress towards 
completing the examination of the field. Several weeks were taken up in connection with 
Mr. Bauerman’s deputation to examine the iron-deposits. Time was also spent in interviews 
with the mining officers of His Highness the Nizam, and in selecting sites for borings at 
Warora and Pisgaon. The chief independent result of the season was the demarcation of 
the small detached coal-field near Chimur, which may yet be of importance in connection with 
the iron ores of the neighbourhood. In examining the zamia-bcaring zone on the south¬ 
west margin of the field, Mr. Hughes found a small coal-seam in it at Balanpur, which 
