paiit 2.] Wynne : Geology of neighbourhood of Man Hill Sialien, Punjab. 65 
Besides the features noticed, the mountains on either side of the Upper Punjab cm- 
bayment are more or less united by two lower ranges of hills, of which the most southern 
is the Salt Range, dividing the broken undulating Potwar or Rawal Pindi plateau from 
the lower deserts and * Doabs’ through which the five great rivers of the Panjab pass towards 
Sind. The other less defined group of hills stretches from the Hazara. mountains, by the 
Chita Pahar ridge to the Admit bills, towards Kohat, separating the Rawal Pindi 
plateau from the Peshawar plain. Within this cluster of hills are large open spaces of low 
ground cut up by ravines similarly to the Potwar plateau,* partaking somewhat of the 
direction of the two last named ranges and closely flanking the Hazara portion of the most 
northern group of the two. The Mari ridge rises among numerous other hills near the 
village of Chattar Si'la, then passing in a north-easterly direction by Tret to Mari culminates 
there at Pinacle hill (7,467 feet) overlooking a spur called Kuldanna, which unites the main 
ridge with the more massive Murchpuri mountains to the north. 
From Pinacle hill the Mari ridge bends to the east by south for a couple of miles, 
separating the head waters of the Solian, a tributary of the Indus, from those of the stream 
which occupies the TcTiud between Murchpuri mountain and Dewal, falling into the Jhilani 
near Kohala. At Topa summit the ridge regains its north-easterly direction, arid passing 
by Dewal inclines still more to the north, descending gradually till it reaches the banks of 
the Jhilam river. 
Southward from this Mari ridge the hills on the same side of the Jhilam valley consist, 
of four or five other ridges, all having the same general direction, starting from the 
Potwar plateau with a general strike of E. 30° X., hut bending northwards as they rise, 
and where they decline into the valley of the Jhilam having a hearing still more to the 
north than north-east. Most of these elevations are sharp-crested, the bill country presenting 
a succession of deep steeply sided khuds or valleys, but southwards the lofty plateaux of 
Xarh and Karor are striking exceptions to the rule.t 
Northwards from Mari the same north-east and south-westerly run characterizes the 
hills; hut for some distance both north and south of the station the ridges seem to branch 
east and westerly from a crooked back-bone or mid-rib rudely parallel to the course of the 
river Jhilam. This is less prominent to the south, but coincides with the most lofty 
summit s to the north ward, carrying the watershed between the Indus and Jhilam away to 
the northern side of the Kaghan valley. 
Another feature of the hills immediately near Mari may be noticed, namely, the 
occurrence of small nearly horizontal patches of ground at high elevations formed of un¬ 
stratified light-coloured clay. Advantage has been taken to level the surfaces of two of 
* These open spaces and the adjacent hills afforded the eke of the military operations connected with the 
Northern Camp of Exercise in 1S73 near Hassan Abdal. 
t It is said that when the sanitarium was heing formed at 31 an there had been some intent r n of a : mi? the 
Xarh plateau as its site instead. The reason given against this is want of water at the latter site: bat the native? 
have another legendary one connected with the £>.;•.ea.-are • f the local Fir or spirit, who is -aid to have cac - d 
sueh inconvenience to the inhabitants of the first hut built at Xarh that the ‘ Bdkeb log' departed and left the 
Pir in peace. 
The elevation of the Xarh plateau is only about !/» • feet lower than Mari; the form and size of the plateau, 
which is cultivated in places, would seem to offer a r.. more capacious and better buiicing ground while the 
size of the catchment area and disposition of th -*rr a are t astir more calculated for retaining a supp’y of water. 
The distance from Bawul Pindee station is rather i.-ss than that of 3Iari. The road-matin? diffvulties are less, ? 
far as the hardness of the rocks is concerned, but this renders then, iess s"' T ab'.e as b 'hiding scone : stiow Ik - her* 
much shorter time. The plateau is not covered by forest; timber, however, abounds on the northern slopes of the 
neighbourne vaTeya. There is a well-made untry road now for mote than half the distav.-e from Kawai Fit-': , 
and as permanent quarters for troops, the site appears to possess, on the whole, natural advantages superior to those 
of the hill of KulJunna, at the same elevation, where extensive barracks are in course of construction at present. 
