part 2 .] Wynne : Geology of neighbourhood of Marl Hill Station, Punjab. 67 
and to the less steep form of the ground that this north-easterly half of the Mari ridge 
possesses its strongly marked red colour, the red clays haring a larger surface exposure and 
being less liable to rapid removal by the action of rain. 
The prevailing dip of the Mari rocks, towards the higher hills adjoining, is a strikingly 
abnormal feature in the structure of the country, and not to be relied upon in estimating the 
relations as to succession among the rocks of these hills. Notwithstanding this, it is a 
feature remarkably prevalent along hundreds of miles of the junction between the outer 
tertiary belt and the nearest of the other rocks of the Himalaya ranges.—It is also to be 
found along the foot of the Alps in a similar relative situation. (See Mr. Medlieott’s report 
previously quoted, aud his “ Alps and Himalaya, a comparison,”—Jour. Geol. Soc., Lond., 
February 1868). 
If this north-westerly dip were to be looked upon as indicating the succession, and un¬ 
connected with faulting or other complexity (see Geol. Sur. Records, Yol. VI, pt. 3, and 
Jour. Geol. Soc., Lond., December 1873), then it would follow that the rocks north-westward 
of the ridge must be newer than those of the Mari series, which is not the case. 
Taking this north-westerly dip to be the prominent stratigraphic feature of the Marj 
ridge, associated, however, with other flexures of the beds, these will be found to bend over an 
anticlinal axis coinciding with the khud immediately south-east of the station, the first of 
a series of undulations, which becoming more ojjen pass through all the hills to the southward 
on this side of the Jkilain valley. 
The synclinal axes of these undulations seem to rise towards the eastward, steady low dips 
in the opposite direction being visible from Mari in the precipitous flanks of some of the 
distant hills on this side of the Jhilam, as in that supporting the plateau of Narh aud others. 
About Mari itself the rocks possess but little interest in detail; they contain only, so far 
as is known, obscure vegetable impressions; and there is not even evidence to prove whether 
they are of marine or freshwater origin. Close to the station, however, in the khud between 
it and the limestone hills opposite, about Clifden, on the connecting ridge of Kuldana 
and along the upper road to Abbottabad, the local geology becomes much more attractive 
and important, although obscure and difficult to work out owing to the crushed and fractured 
state of the rocks. 
The lofty masses which fill the front of the mountain-landscape northwards from Mari, 
strike the eye at once as being of different rocks from those of the Mari ridge ; their naked 
or, for the most part, unwooded slopes permitting the gray limestone of which they are so 
largely composed to appear and influence their colour. This contrast is very strongly marked 
where the red Dewal portion of the Mari ridge forms one side of a deep khud, from which 
the gray ridges and spurs rise abruptly towards the peak of Chambi and the high summit of 
Murchpari (9,229 feet). 
The change in the geological structure of the ground is well seen by following the new 
or upper military road to Abbottabad from Mari station. 
road?*' 0 " a,cras tlle Upper Abbottabad Proceeding along this towards Sunny Bank Hotel, the reddish 
and gray sandstones and purplish red clays or shales of the 
Mari series, with south-easterly dips, appear in the road cuttings, one thin baud of grayish- 
olive shale occurring among the reddish rocks below Titighar, and a little debris of a greenish 
color near to Sunny Bank. Just at the latter place num- 
mulitic shales and limestone are nearly horizontal in the 
Kuldana road, more of the limestone and red debris being seen on a spur below it. The red 
beds are again to be found from this to the Kuldana cross-roads, just before reaching which 
