Records of He Geological Survey of India. 
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there is a small exposure of impure limestone, probably part of a lenticular mass, inclined 
towards the Mari hill. It contains number of small Nummulites little Bivalve shell casts, 
and rarely fragments of Crustaceans. 
Kuldan a cross-roads. 
A few paces further, on the Kuldana side of the turn in the road, are bright purple and 
reddish friable clays breaking down into small splinters. 
Some compact earthy calcareous beds like lithographic 
limestone underlie these, and clays as before (except the purple parts being dark, almost to 
blackness) are then met with. In these latter are a few sandy bands marking stratification, 
vertical and liighly inclined southwards. A little further, an anticlinal flexure occurs, and 
limestones among the red clays containing sometimes small Nummulites in quantities dip 
in the opposite direction. Certain differences in these limy bands from those left behind 
render it doubtful that this arch in the beds repeats those on each side. Here the rocks are 
for a short distance concealed by debris from the hill, some of which is cemented into calca¬ 
reous breccia, and all largely consists of limestone. The next rock seen, in situ, is a strong 
600-feet baud of dark blue or black compact limestone, alternating with gray and black 
shales, and dipping east-south-east at 60°. This limestone has in places black filmy patches, 
some of the beds are lumpy, the nodules being partially enclosed by shale, and it contains 
small fragmentary spiral shells, fragments of Echinoid spines, and in some layers numerous 
Nummulites, Eotalinx, or other small Forwminiferous organisms. 
This strong limestone band crosses the Kuldana hill in a north-easterly direction, striking 
into the Dewal Khud, where it is lost to view, but on the other side it may be traced all along 
the slope of the Mari ridge, passing by Sunny Bank, Clifden, and Ghoragali, on the Rawal 
Pindi road, to beyond Tret. At the last three places there is on the Mari side of it a more 
or less strongly developed band of gypsum, associated with red and greenish clays, close to 
the reddish or gray sandstones and reddish purple clays of the Mari ridge. At many places 
along this zone and in its neighbourhood south-easterly dips may he observed in all the rocks. 
The gypsum band is not seen in its place on the Kuldana road, hut may be represented by a 
few strings and needles of this mineral in the red clays. 
Prom the Kuldana limestone rib on to the commencement of the ascent to Khairagali, a 
distance of about two miles and a half, the road section exposes numerous alternations of 
bright red and purplish shales or clays, and limestones with strong gray sandstones, the latter 
predominating in the first mile ; amongst these towards the 
end of the 3rd mile from Mari and commencement of the 
4,th are five exposures of gray, greenish, brownish, and olive shales, sometimes let into 
their places by faults, sometimes regularly interstratified with the red clays and gray sand¬ 
stones, the whole dipping at high angles in a south-easterly direction. From about three and 
a half miles to where the road passes through a small gap, to overlook the Dewal Khud, the 
gray sandstones arc no longer conspicuous, and mauy beds of limestone, generally thin and 
earthy, arrange themselves in three groups alternating with deep red and greenish and lavender 
coloured shaly clays, which are nearly vertical or slope generally as before. Some of the 
calcareous layers abound with Nummulites and some appear quite unfossiliferous. 
In the gap abovementioned the same clays are found, then contorted limestones with 
few and obscure organisms, then alternations of limestones 
Gap at junction of Back road. , , , , . , , . , . , , , 
and shales, then again red, lavender, brownish, and purplish 
clays with calcareous layers, much crushed and contorted, are seen close to the foot of the 
incline. The most of the dips towards the end of this Kuldana portion of the section underlie 
towards northerly directions, particularly near the few 
huts at Depiagali. The whole of the road section from 
'Kuldana, lower-Martello tower, to the foot of the Khairagali ascent, exhibits' numerous: 
