part 2.] Wynne: Geology of neighbourhood of Mari Hill Station, Punjab. 69 
slips or dislocations of the strata, and it is difficult to say liow far these may repeat 
the beds. The rocks at both ends of this part of the section are so much alike that 
repetition would seem probable, but certainly not of the whole mass, for at the nor¬ 
thern end the bulk of the red clays and calcareous hands is very much greater than to 
the southward. Many of the strong gray sandstones are exactly such as occur above 
on the Mari hill, but there is some slight difference in the clays, which here are redder and 
more inclined to break down into chips like nails; however, this sandstone portion of the 
section, if not a repetition of some of the Mari beds, would seem to possess a character as 
nearly identical as any two stages of one lithological formation or group need be. The gray 
and olive shales have no representatives among the bulk of the Mari beds, and the whole of 
the Kuldana rocks seem closely allied to Mr. Medlicott’s “ Subathu group,” but the question 
remains whether to limit the distinction to the Kuldana rocks only, or to include under the 
same name of “ Subathu” the whole of the Mari series? Just along this road to Abbottabad 
there is nothing to prove concordance or discordance between these “Subathu” and the 
“ Mari beds,” but their complete conformity being established by other sections towards the 
low country, they are looked upon as stratigraphically inseparable, the only grounds for divid¬ 
ing them being the evidence they contain of nummulitic age, which does not, however, 
preclude the possibility of the Mari beds belonging to a later portion of the same period. 
Altogether the Mari beds seem to correspond closely with the Dagshai zone of the Subathu 
section. 
These Kuldana rocks, too, have somewhat the aspect of a transition or intermediate group 
between the Mari series and the hill nummulitic beds to the north, for among them beds 
will be found bearing considerable similarity to the limestones and shales upon one side, and 
also some, as above stated, much resembling the rocks of the Mari group on the other; indeed, 
if the succession was regular, clear, and unbroken, such beds as these of Kuldana might well 
form the passage from the calcareous rocks below to the mass of arenaceous and argillaceous 
ones above. 
Just at the foot of the Khairagali ascent, the series now described is interrupted by a 
Deri&gali, place of abnormal con- l™ e °f contact, the discordance on each side of which is 
taet ' not there very prominent, but which is nevertheless one of 
the most strongly marked structural features of the geology of the whole country, including 
adjacent portions of Kashmir. The'lower tertiary rocks to which the Kuldana series 
belongs are everywhere brought into junction with the ‘ hill limestones’ such as occupy the 
KhairaGali slopes, by a line of junction as definite and marked by sudden discontinuity as is 
any known line of dislocation* 
A few yards beyond the huts at Deria Gali the purple and variegated series of Kuldana, 
dips at 30° to the northwards directly at a mass of crushed and broken nummulitic limestone 
and shale dipping in the same direction. A moment’s consideration, however, will show that 
if this dip had occurred in otherwise undisturbed strata, a large portion of the Kuldana series 
ought to overlie the variegated rocks ; instead of which, limestone of a different aspect 
occupies their place, proving the discordance just mentioned. These dark, solid, compact and 
lumpy limestones, interstratified with dull gray and brownish shales, broken, twisted and con¬ 
torted, occupy the ascent for nearly a mile and a half beyond the huts at Deria Gali. They 
contain here and there ample evidence of their nummulitic age in the small Foraminifera, 
Nummulites, and Rotalina which they contain (though these at times require search to find), 
and the strong outcrops of the limestone band may be seen projecting from the hillside 
towards the Mari Khud, increasing the appearance of discordance. 
* See Records Geological Survey, Vol. VI, part 3. 
