70 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[VOL. VII. 
At the distance above-mentioned and about half-way up the Khaira Gali incline, where 
the road bends westward into a steep ravine, it crosses a 
mass of red clays and greenish gray sandstones occupying 
a space of about 100 yards in width, and bearing traces of much crushing and displacement. 
Such dips as are seen bending towards the south-east at high angles and nearly vertical. The 
junction with the uummulitic limestones, &c., on either side is concealed by debris, the dip of 
the shales and limestones to the north-west being quite discordant, while those on the opposite 
side, though in the same general direction, are too distant to argue conformity therefrom. 
This narrow hand of sandstones and red clays strongly resembles, if it is not absolutely 
identical with, some of the Kuldana series: it may he traced from a spur close beneath 
KhairaGrali, cutting through the limestone hills and khuds in a south-westerly direction along 
the flanks of the KhairaGrali and Bhumkot spur to a place called Liran opposite to Clifden, 
where it disappears. Here, at Liran, it is overlaid by or associated with a considerable mass of 
stratified rock-gypsum of pinkish white colour, dipping, as the red zone generally does, in a 
south-easterly direction. Throughout its course it seems to be cut off by a fault from the 
limestones to the north-west, while its south-eastern boundary may very probably be another 
fault. The only fossils which have been observed are plant remains in the sandstones similar 
to those of the Mari and Kuldana rocks. The situation of this remarkable band appa¬ 
rently foreign to the local series, plunging into the lateral ravines and rising over the inter¬ 
vening spurs, marking a deep line of fault cutting through the limestone and shale series, 
bears testimony to the dislocation of the locality and may also be considered corroborative 
evidence of the nearly parallel line of abnormal junction between the limestones of the hills 
and the lower part of the outer tertiary series, coinciding with an extended region of faulted 
dislocation. 
Beyond the place where the upper Abbottabad road crosses this red baud, and thence to 
the crest of the spur at Barean Gali (where there is another 
cluster of huts and bunnias’ shops), black, compact, and 
lumpy nummulitic limestones and shales, varying up to several yards in thickness, may be 
observed. Their stratification exhibits as much forcible disturbance as before, and the pre¬ 
valent dips are northerly at steep angles. 
Having here arrived at the crest of the first spur or ridge north-westwards from Mari, 
m , the situation overlooks on one side the profound Deval Khud, 
Old road to Abbottabad, Clifden, &c. _ r ' 
and on the other, deep ravines leading tributaries of the 
Haro river down from Chambi Peak. From a neighbouring eminence upon the ridge a view 
may also he obtained towards Mari, the deep khud beneath it and the col, or connecting 
spurs, at Ghora Gali uniting the Mari ridge with the limestone chain opposite, in the same 
way as the ridge and hill of Kuldana does. Down in the valley between these two connect¬ 
ing ridges may be seen the old road to Abbottabad descending the slopes and spurs from 
Mari beneath Nandkot and Clifden. This old road, like the new one, exposes a section in the 
cuttings, crossing the extension of the Kuldana limestone rib, and beds which ought to 
occupy nearly the same horizon as those immediately to the north of it at Kuldana. These 
beds, however, on the lower road bear only a general resemblance to the former section ; red 
clays predominate, the sandstones differ both in quantity and kind, sometimes containing 
layers crowded with A 'ummulites. And the thick masses of greenish olive or gray shale of 
the Kuldana section are not seen. The ground seems to he much slipped and faulted; and 
down towards the bottom of the khud on the Mari side, this old road crosses several alterna¬ 
tions of strong limestone and crushed red aud variegated clays or shales, difficult to identify, 
except in a general way, with those at the northern end of the Kuldana ridge. Contortion, 
slippage, and local development might, however, easily account for the differences between the 
