part 2 .] Wynne: Geology of neighbourhood of Mari Hill Station, Punjab. 71 
two sections. The bottom of the khud, and for several hundred feet above it on the Mari 
side, as well as the whole of the opposite side (except at Liran previously mentioned) is of 
nummulitic limestone and shale, and the general dip of the section like that at Kuldana is 
to the south-east. 
Returning to Barean Gali, the nummulitic limestone of the spur from KhairaGali into 
B'ueSn Gali H' e ® eva ^ Khud may be seen passing downwards for hun¬ 
dreds of feet with a steep dip to the northwards, which, 
changing to vertical, turns in the side of the Masote glen so as to dip at a high angle to the 
southwai'd. Far down in this glen the rocks contain nummulitic Poraminifera, but it is 
very probable that they are not all nummulitic, for southward of the continuation of the 
red zone cutting through this spur high up near KhairaGali, a band of hard sandstone was 
found, which may suggest that the limestones beneath it belong to some of the lower groups. 
One great inverted synclinal fold in the limestones far below this sandstone band is also 
visible in the side of this spur opposite to the steepest part of the ascending road from 
Deria Gali to Barean Gali. 
From this latter place up to KhairaGali the road runs on the western side of the crest 
of the ridge; the same dark, compact and lumpy nummtt- 
KhairaGali. 7 , , , , . F J 
litic limestones and shales being seen the whole way. The 
beds are much contorted, but near the barracks dip generally south-westerly, and further on 
close to the bazaar are inclined the opposite way at 60° to 70°. Just here another narrow 
red band, consisting entirely of clay sloping entirely in the same direction, passes through the 
bazaar and down into the khud to the westward ; its relations are, however, very obscure. 
From Khaira Gali to Cliangli Gali there are two roads ; of these the main one ascends on 
the west side of Chumbi Peak, and the other, or back road, 
KhairaGali to Chaugli Gali, . , . , 
generally in a dangerous state, only passable tor men, takes 
the eastern side. A sketch section along part of it, with remarks thereon, will be found in 
Dr. AYaagen’s paper in Geological Survey Records, Yol. 5, p. 15. Following the main road 
upwards rocks of different age from those previously mentioned will be found, though some 
of the limestones are sufficiently like the nummulitic ones to escape anything but close 
scrutiny, and sometimes even this leaves them doubtful. The observation has been made 
that the nummulitic limestones may be detected by their bituminous smell ; this is frequently, 
though not always, the case ; but a better test seems to occur in the lumpy character, seldom 
long absent from the nummulitic beds. 
These limestones and other rocks seen at intervals along the road have been referred from 
their frequently obscure fossils to the triassic and jurassic formations (see Dr. Waagen’s 
paper just mentioned). 
State of the roots. 
Something of the confusion among the rocks here may be gathered from the observation 
that within the short distance of about two miles from 
KhairaGali to Changla Gali by the main road, the jurassic 
beds re-appear seven times, the triassic four times, and the nummulitic three times; their 
places of contact being for the most part lines of fault or slip, of which fourteen or fifteen 
have been noted. The rocks are generally inclined at high angles from north-east and south¬ 
west axial lines ; but even these are themselves inclined, and in places nearly vertical; the 
positions of the beds affording no help towards restoring the original arrangement of the 
curves or the relations between the different groups. 
For a short distance from KhairaGali nummulitic limestones and shales occur, their 
north-b 3 |, -westerly dip rising from about 35° to vertical, 
steady in the limestones, but crumpled, crushed, and contorted 
in the shales; just beyond the vertical beds of limestone and separated from them by a slip 
Jurassic, 
