part 3 .] Theobald . Ancient Glaciers of the Kangra District. 
89 
examined by mo, and a perfectly adequate explanation of this circumstance is, 1 think 
afforded by the very steep character of the hill sides bounding the valley. The U1 valley 
is not only very straight, but remarkably steep, the sides iu many places forming an angle 
of not less than 00,° so that any one who will reflect what sort of a slope in nature an angle 
of 60° represents, will easily understand how impossible it would be for such incoherent 
materials, as moraines arc made of, to effect a lodgment in such a situation, and resist for¬ 
ages the combined effects of floods in summer and avalanches or snow slips in spring, to 
sweep them en masse into the yawning gulplr below. 
A reference to the accompanying map will give a clearer idea of the general course, 
arrangement and relations to each other of the glaciers 
tion?fg f lad« E diStriCt “ d C “ UmCta ' which formerly traversed the Kangra district, than any 
mere verbal description; but neither the scale of the map 
nor the time I was enabled to devote to the subject suffice for any attempt at details as 
regards the various subordinate features and minor surface changes referable to the glacial 
period in question, though the sketch embraces all the essential points of the case. 
Between Mandi on the east and Nurpur on the west (being the area to which my 
remarks are mainly confined) seveu principal glaciers descended into the valley of the Bias, 
which was then of course filled by a superb trunk glacier to which the above served as 
lateral feeders, and which taken in order from cast to west may be thus described. 
1.—The Dailu Glacier. 
The most easterly feeders of this glacier passed down through the village and thannah 
The Dailu -Uu ier °f Haurbagh in Mandi, and after being joined by several 
equally large or larger glaciers from either side of the 
village of Dailu, the united glacier descended the narrow valley of the liana, river, which 
joins tl 10 Bias ten and half miles below Mandi. The most westerly feeder of this glacier was 
formed by the bifurcation of a huge glacier, which descending nearly opposite the village 
of Aiju, there split into two streams, one of which descended the Kana valley, whilst 
the other assumed an opposite courso, and formed the most easterly feeder of the next 
glacier. 
2.—The Baunath Glacier. 
The Baijnath glacier. 
This glacier was formed by the union of several large glaciers, which united below Baij- 
nath and pursued a course down the valley of the Bimm 
river, which joins the Bias nearly midway between the 
mouth of the Rana above and the large town of Sujanpur below. The most easterly branch 
of this glacier has been noticed above, as coming from near the village of Aiju, whilst the 
most westerly branch was similarly formed by the bifurcation of a vast glacier, which pass¬ 
ing down a little to tho east of the village of Banuri (Bunooree) was splif into two streams 
against the cuneiform mass of hills some three miles south of that village. 
3.—The Banuri (Bunooree) Glacier. 
This glacier is the smallest, as far as the area covered by it, of any under notice, and 
_ . , . might bo regarded almost as a satellite of the next, with 
The Banuri glacier. , . , ° 
which it was probably intimately connected, bill as some of 
its moraines reach the Bias by a separate course it is enumerated with the rest, i (. consisted 
mainly of the westerly feeders of the glacier above described as bifurcating south of Banuri, 
with some obscurely defined contributories, still more to the west, and joined the Bias some 
few miles above Sujanpur. 
