part 3.j Theobald: Ancient Glaciers of the Kdngra District. 
9:] 
All the Kaugra moraines have a very arched or ‘hog-backed’ outline, and are alw& 3 's 
separated by a more or less strongly marked valley or ravine from the hills round which 
they pass. In the case of the larger moraines, the resulting effect on the landscape is 
rather curious: hills viewed across one of these moraines have a peculiar sunken or ‘ hull- 
down ’ appearance, from the crest of the moraine intercepting all view of their base, as 
the marine horizon does of a vessel’s hull at a certain distance, and trees and villages 
situated on the opposite slope of one of these moraines from the observer are from the 
extreme curvature of its surface similarly concealed from view. 
Another feature of the surface, occasionally very prominently displayed, is the rapid slope 
of a moraine across the valley wherein it debouches. This is well seen in the moraine west 
of Dailu bungalow, in the rapid slope of that portion which passes from Aiju down the 
course of the Edna river. The river running past the village of Dailu brings down no 
erratics above that village, but Dailu itself stands on the verge of an easterly branch of the 
same glacier which joins it lower down. 
I will now describe certain physical peculiarities of surface in the Kdngra district 
Physical features in .Kungra result- directly connected with the glacial conditions which for¬ 
ms from glacial couditious. merly prevailed there. 
The Kdngra district may be ideally divided into three vertical areas or zones. 
Firstly, a preglacial area embracing the whole country which contributed, from peak to 
plain, towards the genesis and development of the glaciers 
1st, prrglaeial area. -. ., ,. , . . , , 
under consideration; speaking roughly and without any mea¬ 
sured data to check the estimate, the above zone or area embraces all ground higher than 
from 250 to 300 feet abbve the mean level of the present streams. 
Secondly, a glacial area, proper, embracing the entire area either occupied or excavated 
by the glaciers, which may be approximately fixed as com- 
2 nd, glaual area, proper. mencing at the bottom of the above division aud terminat¬ 
ing below at a level of about 150 feet more or less above the mean level of the present 
streams. 
Thirdly, a postglacial area embracing the whole of the ground below the basal 
^ t l \l ie limit of the last division, and the result of aerial denudation 
subsequent to the cessation of glacial conditions. 
The first division calls for little remark save that it is the area within which we should 
most naturally expect to meet with erratics, deposited from floating-ice anteriorly to the 
formation of the moraines of the lower ground, had any such agency been in operation; 
but I am unacquainted with any such, and therefore, no less than from the physical difficul¬ 
ties such a supposition would involve, have rejected it for the simpler one of glaciers, whose 
former prodigious development is so stamped on the country. By floating-ice, I of course 
understand ice floating at or near the sea level, since the assumption of floating-ice in some 
elevated inland sea, of sufficient height to bring its waters within reach, or nearly so, of the 
ordinary glacial isothermal of its latitude, is perfectly unwarranted by evidence, certainly 
at least in the ICangra district; the only fine clayey deposit, the result of a tranquil mode 
of deposition, which could possibly be referred to such conditions, being a red clay of clearly 
postglacial age, which in some parts attains considerable development, and which may be 
referred to a postglacial period of lacustrine deposition coincident with a general subsidence 
of the whole Himalayan region and the gradual approximation of the general climate to 
that which at present obtains. This red clay covered at one time enormous areas in Kangra, 
and may not improbably mark a period of true lake formation, when along the southern 
slopes of the Himalaya lakes existed more extensively than existing indications would lead 
