* 
94 Records of the Geological Survey of India. [vol. vir. 
us to suppose; but denudation has to a large extent removed all traces of this finer deposit, 
though still to he found here and there if sought for, as, for example, south of Nadaon and 
between Jawali and Nurpur. 
The second division is emphatically the area of glacial display, and to it are restricted 
all the moraines and erratics, which are approximately in the position where they became 
fixed on the waning of glacial conditions, and nowhere can the relations of this to the other 
divisions be better seen than near the town of Kangra. 
Approaching Kangra by the Jullunder road after passing the village of Dowlutpfir, the 
road commences the ascent of a steep ridge of hills at first 
Kangra. composed of pebbly sandstones with a little red shale, 
which soon give place to thick beds of very coarse conglomerate, which throughout 
Kangra constitute the highest sub-division of the Is aimn group of tortiaries, of pre¬ 
sumedly miocene age. The crest of the ridge is pierced by a tunnel, shortly after passing 
through which, and commencing the descent towards Kangra, a fine view is ob¬ 
tained of the celebrated fort of that name, perched on a cliff, overhanging the boil¬ 
ing river below, the cliff as well as some scarped heights beyond and above the fort 
consisting of the same coarse boulder conglomerates as those constituting the ridge 
over which the road is carried. When about half way down the road or rather more, 
a few large boulders of ‘ Dhaoladluir ’ gneiss may be detected lying about, or wedged 
into clefts and gullies worn by surface water in the coarse conglomerate, and into which 
situation they have rolled from above, as these gneiss boulders in question are not weathered 
out of the conglomerate, but are the familiar erratics from the Dhaoladhar moraines. 
Continuing to descend, these boulders increase in number, till the stream (a branch of 
Contrast between gneiss boulders tlie Ban Ganga) is reached, when its bed is seen to be 
in stream and banks til' conglomerate. filled, and I may almost say, blocked, with enormous 
masses of the Dhaoladhar gneiss, contrasting curiously in the eyes of a geologist with 
the beds of boulder conglomerates wherein the river gorge is excavated and wherein they 
are wholly wanting. 
I should not omit to notice in this portion of the road opposite Kangra, the occurrence 
Immense boulder from the Nahun on the road side of a large boulder ol red quartzitic sand- 
eonglumeratcs. stone , of nearly 15 feet in girth. This boulder is un¬ 
doubtedly an erratic, but derived from the coarsest upper beds of the conglomerates so 
largely here developed, but which have nearly everywhere suffered so from denudation, that 
little, save huge boulders strewed about, indicates their former presence. This particular 
boulder is interesting from being the largest from these beds I have anywhere measured, and 
for a true water-worn * and rolled boulder it may be considered immense, the second to it in 
size being, however, close on 12 feet. 
Where the road crosses the stream the valley is narrow, but higher up it opens out more. 
Level of the base of the glaciers and is seen terraced on different heights, most of such 
about Kangra. ground being under cultivation. Just below the fort stands 
the soldiers’ church, and it would seem to mark nearly the lowest limit or level of glacial 
erosion proper, that is, the level of the bed of the old glaciers, or, perhaps, a trifle below it. 
The post office, on a slightly higher level, seems well within the vertical zone or valley of 
glacier erosion, and the mean between these two points may be taken as the approximate 
mean level hereabout of the base of the old glaciers. Passing on to the dak bungalow 
scattered erratics are seen on the steep sides of the valley, becoming scarcer as we ascend 
* This term of course applies to its original formation as a water-worn boulder in a coarse boulder conglo¬ 
merate, not to its last vehicle of transport which 1 take to be ‘ glacial* 
