06 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vol. VII. 
to think, will hereafter be answered affirmatively; but whether they once existed or no, we 
have in the excessive erosion of the river channels traversing the drainage basins, wherein 
any such lakes must have stood, a cause fully adequate to account for their subsequent dis¬ 
appearance. In the open ground of the Kangra district I have estimated the amount of 
erosion of the river beds since the termination of the glacial period as upwards of 100 feet, 
and there seems to me no fixed limit which we arc called on to assign in the ease of those 
larger rivers which descend from the main Himalayan chain, so that even had large lakes 
occupied positions along the main river vallies subsequent to the glacial period in question, 
we can still understand, from what is seen in the Kangra district, how such lakes may have 
emptied by the ordinary operation of those forces which are now and ever have been perpe¬ 
tually at work deepening every Himalayan gorge. I content myself, however, with throwing 
out the hint, as the subject is too large a one to be discussed in a paper like the present. 
‘ Nahun group.* 
It remains only to add a few words on the period during which glacial conditions pre¬ 
vailed in Kangra, and this is capable of being fixed with 
Kangra, tolerable exactness with regard to the tertiary deposits ot 
the region. 
The great bulk of the tertiary deposits of the Kangra district belongs to the ‘Nahun 
division of Mr. Medlicott, approximating in age to the 
miocene of European geology. This group contains in addi¬ 
tion to numerous Pachyderms and Ruminants (a correct and discriminative list of which is 
a most urgent desideratum), the remarkable Chclonian Colossoahvlys Allan, Fal.. This group 
of an enormous, but unascertained thickness, not less certainly than 10,000 feet, was tilted 
up and involved in the great disturbance its beds display, and moulded to the main orographieal 
features of the district prior to the development of the glacial conditions iii question. 
The Nahun group is followed by a series of deposits of very inferior thickness, but not 
loss rich in remains of a varied fauna. Within the Kangra 
iva . g oup. district no direct evidence exists, from contact, of the rela¬ 
tive age of the glacier deposits and the Sivalik group; hut the evidence afforded by the fauna, 
of that group is wholly in favor of its being postglacial, arid of the fauna being associated 
with conditions of climate analogous to those now existing. Without entering into greater 
detail, it is sufficient to mention in support of this view the occurrence of two living croco¬ 
diles in the Sivalik beds, and several species of land and fresh-water shells still living, and the 
same association of extinct typos with the precursors of numerous species of living mammalia, 
as is seen in the pliocene deposits of the Narbada valley. 
With regard to the occurrence of glacial phenomena along the Sub-Himalayan region 
east of the Kangra district. I think that future observations 
Glacial Phenomena east of Kangra. apeoial ^ Erected to the subject will reveal an unexpected 
amount of evidence, which, if not so obvious, will be found no less conclusive than that dis¬ 
played in Kangra. The scope of my own observations only permits my saying that remnants 
of moraines occur in the Sutlej valley as low down as Bilas- 
pur, and erratic blocks, not now directly connected with any 
moraine, but probably transported to their present position by a prodigious trunk glacie r 
which descended the Sutlej valley without much reference 
Erratics in the Gumbor. ;ts present configuration, as low down as the mouth ol 
the Gumber river and probably lower. The blocks 1 refer to a moraine at Bilaspur consist 
of the harsh Krol limestone forming the ridge which near that town is cleft by the valley or 
gorge of the Ullay river, down which a glacier passed into the trough of the Sutlej. 
Anyttq n g ( however,like a connected moraine of this Sutlej glacier no longer remains; but to 
its disintegration and removal is no doubt largely due the enormous sheets of recent con- 
Moraines at Bilaspur. 
