part 3.1 Theobald: Ancient Glaciers of the Kangra District. 
97 
glomerate, which literally choke the Sutlej valley, and which may be well seen, among other 
spots, at Dihur (at the ferry on the Mandi and Bilaspur road), at Bilaspur, and at Bubhor ; 
where the Sutlej debouches into the Una dun. 
Approaching the Sutlej from the direction of Mandi, when a little better than a mile 
from the ferry, the whole of the high ground behind the 
Section of the Sutlej above Dihur. ... , . „ . , , . ... . , c , 
village ot lvangra is found sheeted over with beds or sandy 
gravel evidently the upper beds of a thick deposit of either fluviatile or lacustrine origin, 
mantling round the hills of harsh Urol limestone hounding the valley, which to a great extent 
it must have originally filled. On descending towards the river these sandy hods give place 
to coarse gravels, which still lower down pass into the coarsest boulder shingle, mainly com¬ 
posed of a heterogeneous mixture of Himalayan rocks, among which the Krol limestone of 
the neighbouring hills is a prominent ingredient. Among the rest, scattered boulders of the 
porphyritic gniess of the Dhaoladhar are seen, from their size of unquestionable glacier 
origin, and these may be traced as low as Dihur, of various dimensions up to 8 or 10 feet 
in girth, associated with numbers of boulders of nearly the same size of the hardest schistose 
and trappean rocks, from the region of the inner hills, and all at one time probably trans¬ 
ported to the vicinity by glacier agency. 
At Bilaspur in the bed of the river beneath the Rajah’s Garden, I remarked erratic 
blocks of hard schistose rocks from 12 to 15 feet in girth, 
but to what precise distance down below the Gumbcr mouth 
these can be traced I cannot say. 
Erratics at Bilaspur. 
But what a vision of the past is not here raised by these simple boulders lying neglected 
Reflections r ' ver b an k or uset ^ ^ or ^ ie ‘S n °W e purpose of cleans¬ 
ing the clothes of man’s emmet-like race. As there can 
be little doubt that the glacial conditions to which these blocks testify, were induced 
mainly by the simple elevation of the whole Himalayan area, so there can be equally 
Lttle doubt that such elevation was effected without materially affecting the grander 
orographical features of the country, and hence it comes that we must picture to ourselves as 
the agent employed in their transport a mighty trunk glacier, debouching somewhere above 
Bubhor, after a course of some 350 miles, a spectacle unmatched for grandeur at the present 
day in the loftiest regions of either hemisphere. 
Without pursuing farther all the arguments which might be adduced, it will suffice here 
to summarise the conclusions which may be drawn from the glacial phenomena of the 
Kangra district— 
1st .—That prior to the deposition of the Sivalik group, the whole Himalayan area stood 
at an elevation not less than 12,000 feet and perhaps 15,000 feet, higher than at present. 
2nd .—That in consequence of this superior elevation, the whole of the Sub-Ilimalayan 
region north of the Duns (which had then no existence) exceeding 1,500 feet elevation, was 
subject to the incursion of glaciers, which from the magnitude of the drainage area whence 
they descended were of the most colossal proportions. 
3rd .—That the Sivalik period was marked by a subsidence of the whole Himalayan 
area, a corresponding retrocession of glacial conditions, and a return, during the reign of the 
Sivalik fauna, to conditions not very dissimilar to those now obtaining in the region. 
Note. —There arc many features in Mr. Theobald’s paper very tempting for the critic; but 
they must be left to the intelligence of the readers. One omission he has made is fairly open to 
