112 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vot,. VII. 
There are still to be mentioned the limestones of cretaceous age which occur in South¬ 
ern India. These are of two kinds, one being purely sedimentary, the other derived from 
coral reefs. As building stones they are somewhat extensively used by the natives, but, 
according to Mr. H. Blanford, “ are ill qualified for exposed exteriors, where they rapidly 
yield to the heavy tropical rains.” 
References. 
Mallet ... On the Vindhyan series, Mem. Gcol. Surv., India, VII, p. 113. 
Oldham ... Kh£si Hills, Mem. Geol. Surv., India, I, p. 181. 
Medlicott ... Lower Himalaya, Mem. Geol. Surv., India, III, p. 170. 
Blanford, W. T. ... Western India, Mem. Geol. Surv., India, VI, p. 380. 
Blanford, II. ... Southern India, Nilghiri Hills, Mem. Geol. Surv., India, IV, p. 201, and I, p. 246. 
King, W. ... Trichinopoli and Karnul, Mem. Geol. Surv., India, IV, p. 370, and VIII, p. 282. 
PoBEBUNDER STONE OK MlEIOLITE. 
The name miliolite was given by Dr. Carter to a rock which is found in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Porebunder in Guzerat. Though somewhat oolitic in structure, it is not of 
oolitic age, and therefore the above name was given to distinguish it. 
It is considered to be of newer tertiary, probably pliocene age. In Guzerat its greatest 
development is in tbe Gir Hills, where, as also in some of the valleys, it rests upon an 
arenaceous clay. It is a wide spread deposit, and is said to occur on parts of the coast of 
Arabia and in Kacli. # 
As it appears in Guzerat it is a somewhat coarse calcareous grit, abounding in forami- 
uifera towards the west, but containing fewer organisms, and being more argillaceous 
towards the east. As a building stone it is admirably suited to many purposes, but is said 
to be incapable of sustaining great pressure. It is largely quarried about twelve miles 
from Porebunder, from whence it is shipped to Bombay and other places. 
In Bombay it has been largely nsed for building purposes, more particularly in the 
construction of the recently erected Government buildings. 
References. 
Carter 
... Geology of Western India. 
Theobald 
„ Guzerat, M. S. 
Wynne 
... Kach, Mem- Geol. Surv., India, IX, p. 81. 
Balfour 
... Cyclopcedia. 
Mere wether 
... Building stone in Western India, P. P. of I. E., VI, 1869, p. 137. 
Kunkur ob Gutin. 
The calcareous concretions which occur in the alluvial clays, and which are known under 
one or other of tbe above names, occupy a very important position as a building material, 
being in very many parts of tbe country the only source of lime. In addition to this, some 
of the more massive varieties are used as building stones in parts of India as in the Central 
Doab. 
In the bridges on the Ganges Canal between Kurki and the Nanun Pork block 
kunkur has been largely employed, except for the archwork. In the case of the Kasimpur 
bridge the external faces of the arches themselves have, however, been made of this material. 
In the vicinity of this section of the canal the block kunkur is readily procurable. 
Block kunkur was also much used in the bridges on the Fatehgarh and Koel branches 
of the Ganges Canal. It is thus described by Colonel Sir Proby T. Cautley: “ In extremes, 
the stone may be described, in its most perfect state, as a gray semi-crystalline rock, tough, 
* The Kach rock, which has been supposed to represent the miliolite, is, according to Mr. Wynne, devoid of 
organisms. 
