148 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vol. VII. 
From tliis the route lay south-south-west, through Chuti Mari, for fifteen or sixteen 
miles, the rocks, if we except some merely local rapid contortions, gently rolling as ripples do 
on the top of a great wave. The principal rocks in these higher regions (4,000 to 5,000 feet) 
consist of dark purple sandstones with highly ferruginous bands and occasionally badly 
preserved fossils. But there is one marked hand of well preserved specimens of a species 
of Ostrea. These rest upon greenish and grey shales and occasional bands of a dark blue 
and very dense calcareous sandstones in which no fossils were apparent. 
A bungalow erected by Captain Sandeman is situated on a partially isolated Hat-topped hill 
about. 5,880 feet above the sea and twenty miles south-south-west of Ek-Bai—the highest 
peak in this part of the range. 
Froln the bungalow our route lay in a nortb-westerb direction, or nearly at right angles 
across the strike of the minor ranges to the west of the Suliman. Passing down over the 
western slope of the main anticlinal, the dip of which is much more gentle than the eastern, 
We reached the Bakni valley, which is situated in a synclinal trough, the rocks on its western 
side rolling over again in an anticlinal and forming the Deka and Mazara hills. 
The Rakni valley is a fine open flat plain, from five to six miles wide and 3,280 feet 
above the sea. It appears to be tolerably fertile, and is inhabited by a tribe called Hadiauis. 
In the pass to the north of the Deka hill a good section of the anticlinal is met with, 
the beds of shale and sandstone, a mile further on, disappearing beneath the nummulitie 
limestones, which latter—between this and Taghar, another fertile valley—form a synclinal 
trough. Between Taghar and the Karvada range, which bounds the Chamarlang valley on 
the east, there are a succession of valleys for the most part formed along the denuded axes of 
anticlinal rolls of the limestone. On the scarped side of the Harluk portion of the Karvada 
range the older rocks, sandstones and shales, re-appear underneath the limestones. And 
in these rocks, close to the western foot of the range, at about 800 feet below the base of the 
limestone, occurs the principal coal locality, whore, associated with layers containing fossils of 
oysters and turritellas, occur two seams of coal; one of them averaging 2 inches, and the 
other about 9 inches in thickness. Other localities where this horizon was met with will be 
found mentioned further on. Time did not admit of my examining the Dadar and subsi¬ 
diary ranges which bound the Chamarlang valley on the west. But so far as a distant view 
can justify an opinion, all these hills appeared to be formed of the lower rocks, with the 
reversed dip of the anticlinal; Dadar hill itself, which is 6,280 feet high, not appearing to 
have even a cap of the nummulitie limestone. 
Our return route by the Hinki and Han passes afforded an opportunity of extending, 
Very considerably, our observations on the geography* and geology of the country, as it 
traversed the ranges at a distance of from twenty to twenty-five miles south-west of our 
route out. 
On the way to the Hinki valley, at the southern end of the Karvada range, a section of 
the coal-horizon rocks is disclosed. In a pass here, there are some thin layers of coaly matter 
in blue concretionary shales, the dip of which is 70° to south-south-east. A fault has 
brought the edges of these rocks into contact with the edges of the limestones. The Hinki 
valley runs along the denuded crest of an anticlinal roll of the latter rocks. 
Between this and a line open valley called Pasta Mara the lower rocks are in several 
places exposed. Beyond the latter place they extend for some distance to the north-west into 
the, for the most part, limestone area which lies between the Karvada and Ujh Hills. 
* Captain Lockwood, 3rd Punjab Cavalry, made a sketch survey of the country from which that portion of the 
accompanying map which lies west of the Sulimdn range has been compiled. Most of the elevations given in this 
paper are from aneroid measurements by the same gentleman 
