PART 4 V ] 
Ball: Coal in the Lwni Pat/ian Hills. 
151 
In the east to west section across the country described in the preceding pages the 
limestones are first met with in the vicinity of Kadji, where they underlie, conformably, the 
sandstones and shales just described. Here there is but a small development of the calca¬ 
reous element which is confined to a few small hands associated with shales and sandstones- 
This local alternation in the character of the beds when compared with the considerable 
unbroken thicknesses of limestones which occur in the sections further west, and which will 
Ire described below, suggest that this locality must have been situated near the margin of the 
sea in which the deposit took place, and was therefore more subject to the inroad of foreigu 
materials than the areas in which the limestones are now found of great thickness and uni - 
form character. 
The fossils found at Kadji consist of Felecypoda, Gastropoda, Echinodermata, and 
Nummulites, the species being identical with those found in the limestones of the western 
localities. Ecliinodermata appeared from my collections to be relatively somewhat more 
abundant in individuals at Kadji than they are in the west. 
As to the thickness of these rocks here I cannot venture an opinion, but it appears to be 
very much less than it is in the west. 
Crossing the anticlinal ridge of older rocks which forms the main axis of the hills, we 
first meet limestones again resting on the flanks of the reverse slope, where to the west of the 
Bungalow at Sandemanabad they occur as a narrow strip of buff-colored rocks containing 
nummulites and probably other fossils. 
Further west, beyond the line of the Dekaand MazAra hills, limestones are again met with, 
but here we seem to have reached the area of maximum deposit, for we find thicknesses of from 
1,000 to 2,000 feet with no breaks in the uniformity of their character save those caused by a 
few bands of nummulites which are densely compacted in a green silt. These bands are more 
strongly developed on the east side of the Taghar valley than elsewhere. There the tough 
limestones may be seen standing out from between the friable nummulitic beds. Nummu¬ 
lites are not, however, by any means confined exclusively to the latter beds, as they occur 
pretty generally throughout. 
At Taghar, for some cause, the molluscous fossils were very badly preserved, being for 
the most part only in the form of internal casts, but of such there was a great abundance. 
The section from the foot of Deka to the Karvada range, which bounds the Chamarlang 
valley, discloses only these rocks rolling in a succession of synclinal and anticlinal folds; 
except that towards the end of the Kerar valley there is a very sharp synclinal, which has 
caught up in its embrace a fold of conglomerate. This bed containing, as it does, fragments 
of the limestone, must he referred to a more recent period. 
Underneath the limestones of the Karvada range, the older rocks, sandstones and shales 
with coal reappear. 
The limestones here, as in all other places where the junction of the two groups of rocks 
is exposed on the side of a hill, form a marked cliff, the sandstones and shales forming the 
under-cliff. This cliff extends all along the Karvada range, and is from its top edge to the 
junction with the older rocks from 400 to 500 feet thick. The accompanying section represents 
the relations existing between the two groups in this part of the country. 
In the Hinki valley, which is at the south-west end of the Karvada, the limestones are 
crossed by the return route. Between this and Pasta Mara they exhibit an unusual amount 
of local disturbance, in some cases the underlying shales and some oehreous beds appearing 
at the broken crests of the anticlinals. Between Pasta Mara and the Han pass the older 
rocks only are seen, but in the section at the latter place the limestones reappear in consider¬ 
able thickness, dipping at low angles towards the Barkan valley. Not less than 1,200’ of these 
