160 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[VOL. VII. 
Percentage of moisture, 12'8 
As the borings are continued in these and in upper strata, better results as to quantity 
and quality may be obtained. 
There is no other exposure of coal measures in this district; neither, from my latest 
examination, which was carried on to Bezwadah and thence westward to within range of the 
old work of Messrs. Charles, IE. Oldham, and It. B, Foote, is there any indication of further 
outliers in the Kistnah District. 
7. Crystallines, —The gneiss of the Godavari district and down to Bezwadah is 
to a great extent a highly garnetif'erons quartzofelspathic variety, well bedded and foliated. 
It often weathers into a rock scarcely distinguishable from a sandstone. Bands of very 
quartzose rock with graphite sparingly distributed through it occurs close to Bezwadah, 
as also some beds of crystalline limestone highly charged with pyroxene. Traces of graphite 
arc found in the streams of the Beddudauole field, which have evidently been brought down 
from the gneiss country to the north. Large masses of tourmaline of very black color 
occur at times in the gneiss; and from one region in the Yernagoodum taluq near Koye- 
goodum pieces of the same mineral have over and over again been sent to me by the district 
officials * as coal. 
The area of crystallines has, however, only been cursorily examined as to its details, and 
it is therefore premature as yet to refer to it except in this short manner. 
Notes upon the subsidiary materials fob artificial fuel, by Theodore W. H. 
Hughes, a. r. s. m., c. e., f. g. s., Geological Survey of India. 
The manufacture of artificial or brick fuel from small coal and dust, which is becoming 
an important industry in Europe and America, has a very practical bearing upon the develop¬ 
ment of the coal resources of this country, owing, not to any pressing necessity to utilise the 
waste which is gradually accumulating in our chief centres of mining, but to the fact that 
much of our coal is exceedingly soft and liable to disintegrate, whilst some of it is so crushed 
in its original bed that it can only be brought to the surface in the form of dust. 
It is already apparent that the final remedy for the waste of dust-coal will be the direct 
one of burning it in a state of powder. The advantages of perfect combustion lately obtain¬ 
ed in this way by Mr. Crampton are so important that it may yet prove economical even to 
crush round coal for the furnace. At present, however, in India, whore the chief demand is 
for locomotive engines, only two plans are open to us to render dust-coal of marketable value ; 
the one to coke it; the other to convert it into artificial fuel. The system which promises 
least success is that of coking, for the excess of ash and water in some, and the small amount 
of volatile matter in others, affect the coking property of a large percentage of Indian coals, 
and the most generally applicable method for their utilisation is that of consolidating them as 
artificial fuel. It may therefore be useful to bring to notice a very interesting and valuable 
essay, De V Agglomeration des Combustibles, by M. A. Habets, of the Ecole des Mines de 
Liege, in which the substances are indicated that have found most favor in France and 
Belgium, where the manufacture of brick-coal has attained its greatest development. 
* Some years ago, when arrangina- the collection in tho Madras Muaoum, I found a piece of tourmaline 
labelled as coal, and as forwarded by the late Mr. Boswell, m. c. s., who was one of the advocates for the occurrence 
of coal in the Kistnah District.—W, K, 
