m 
Records of the ideological Survey of India. 
[vol. x. 
about west-north-west up to Kala Pani, a halting place in the forest at an elevation 
of 9,175 feet. Rock ordinary mica-schists. Dip moderate to north-north-west. I now crossed 
the Chansel peaks (elevation of pass 12,825 feet), and descended to Larot (Lorot of map), 
elevation 8,480 feet. Mica-schists all the way, gneissic at top of pass. At Larot (8,480 feet) 
the “ central ” gneiss is reached. Its course from this point is in a north-easterly direction 
down to the Pabar River, and then up again on the other side of the valley. 
The elevation of Sangla, as before mentioned, is 8,650 feet. The gneiss cropped out, I 
should say, about 1,500 feet above it (I did not take the actual altitude). The elevation of the 
outcrop at Larot is 8,480 feet. There cannot be a difference in elevation of mure than 
2,000 feet between the two outcrops; and unless there are faults, of which I am ignorant, 
the central gneiss must pass right under the snowy peaks to the south of the Baspa River, 
and there must be fully 6,000 feet of mica-schists above the “central” gneiss. 
Again, if the rocks between Knar and Dddra are the Infra-Krol rocks, they, like the Infra- 
Krol rocks between Kapu and Rampur on the Sutlej, closely overlie the gneiss, and rest, as 
I have suggested, on the denuded surface of the crystalline series. 
From tlie gneiss in the valley of the Pabar, the dip rapidly flattened, and continued flat 
all the way to Cliergao (Chargaon), elevation 6,100 feet. The rocks are somewhat micaceous 
quartzites of a dark-grey neutral tint colour, in which the mica is very subordinate. From 
thence to Roru (elevation 5.250 feet), the dip, at first a very low to north-east, suddenly rose 
to 50° beyond Mandari, and then became perpendicular. The dip fell again rather suddenly to 
35°, which lasted for some distance, and then gradually flattened to a very low north-east-ll°- 
north dip. From Mandari the rocks arc thin-bedded micaceous silicious schists. In the side 
ravines at Roru are some dark carbonaceous-looking schists brought down from the hills 
above. At Roru the dip is flat, and the thin-bedded mica-schists are often as straight and 
regular as the courses of bricks in a house. On the road to Sungvi, with a few- local excep¬ 
tions, the dip is for some distance flat; afterwards the average dip is 25° east-south-east. 
Mica-schists all the way. 
Proceeding in the opposite direction to Deora (capital of Jubal State), the dip is in 
general flat, though occasionally it is low to north-east and sometimes north. Now and then 
boulders of the “ centrid” gneiss on the road side attest the presence of that rock in the hills 
above. Mica-schists all the way. I have also been from Roru up to the iron mines at Shiel, 
and thence down to Deora. Under Shiel I came on blocks of the “ central ” gneiss, but owing to 
grass and cultivation the gneiss did not crop out in situ on my actual path. I think there 
is probably a fault between the central gneiss of the upper Pabar valley and the gneiss to 
the west of Roru. 
The gneiss, as previously described, crops out round the head of the Deora valley, and 
shows high up on the Kuper peak. I have also shown how a sudden change in the dip 
brings it out, on the opposite side, on the spur running out from the Kuper.Kanchu range 
in the direction of Chepal. On the Kuper-Kanchu spur, the outcrop extends from 9,620 feet 
to 8,000 feet. The nearest point on the Clior is Serai (Seran) (elevation 7,250 feet), and the 
outcrop of the granitoid gneiss there is on a level with, or a little above Serai. The distance, 
as the bird flies between the two points, is between 10 and 11 miles. The Chor gneiss answers 
well to the “ central” gneiss in general characteristics. I feel satisfied myself that the granitoid 
gneiss of the Chor is simply an extension of the central gneiss beds I have been tracing out in 
this paper. 
If this be so, does not this fact strengthen the view that the Krol, Infra-Krol, or Blaini 
rocks, between the outcrops of the central gnei-;s on the Chor and the Ivuper-lvanchu range, 
rest on the denuded surface of the central gneiss series, and that the Chor and Kuper-Kanchu 
range were mountains standing up (far under the surface perhaps) of the Krol and Blaini seas P 
