PART 4.] 
117 
Ball: Raigarh and TIingvr Coal-field. 
What may intervene between these outcrops can only be conjectured, possibly Talchirs, but 
there is no trace of them to be seen. With regard to the sandstones, I think they must 
be referred to the upper series, though they are not unlike Barakars, which, indeed, I thought 
them to be when I saw them in 1871. The high dip is gradually lessened, until about a 
mile further north the beds become horizontal, and so continue with only local variations in 
dip for about five miles. In places the river runs in a deep cutting with walls twenty feet 
high. The sandstones are of the usual character, coarse ferruginous, sometimes with plates 
and layers of more highly ferruginous composition. They are often somewhat conglomeratic 
and not unfrequently pinkish in color. There is no sign of red clays in this section. From 
underneath these rocks at Baiamunda, as has already been mentioned, appear the Barakars. 
To the west the boundary, leaving the river, passes along the foot of a range of hills 
which strikes north from Katangdi. At Nowagaon (Nowagud) these hills present a scarped 
face of coarse ferruginous sandstones with some red clay partings. Those rocks have a 
general, though slight, dip to the south. Detached from this range, towards its northern 
extremity, is the Duldula hill which is formed of the same rocks. 
The eastern boundary on leaving the Kurket, passes south of Baiamunda and then 
bends southwards to Jiringol. Between Balumar and Samaruma the red shales were again 
met with near the base of the series. 
The Gid hill appears to be an outlier of these rocks, the continuity being broken on the 
south, but this is not quite certain, as the rocks are much hidden in the broken raviuy ground. 
The principal rocks forming this hill are ferruginous sandstones and red shales, but at the 
base there is a considerable bed of white sandstone of doubtful affinities. 
The character of the junction in the Kelu river section has been alluded to above ; the 
upper sandstones, away from the boundary, are horizontal, or have a gentle dip to the south. 
From this eastward as far as the Ambo hill the boundary runs along the foot of the scarp; 
this is well seen at Deogaon and Pariga. In the Garjan hill, I found the principal part of 
the fossils mentioned on page 115. The further extension of these rocks to the east has been 
noticed in my previous report, and it therefore only remains to describe their occurrence to 
the north so far as they have been examined in that direction. 
At Janjghir and the valleys on either side of it, we find Barakars abutting against 
gneiss, the boundaries being more or less overlapped by sandstones and conglomerates which 
form the surrounding hills. These sandstones and conglomerates are, I think, referable to 
the upper group, but at the heads of two of these valleys, from 150 to 200 feet above the 
level of the top of the Barakars seen outside, I met with fragments of coaly shale in the beds 
of the hill-side torrents. At first sight this suggested the probability of Barakars occurring 
at the higher level, but another case, presently to be mentioned, seems to make it probable 
that carbonaceous shales do sometimes occur in the upper beds. 
A glance at the map* will show the difficult nature of the country where these observa¬ 
tions were made. Until the whole of the hill tract there has been examined, it will be im¬ 
possible to speak with any degree of certainty on the subject. As rendering it more probable 
tBat the carbonaceous shale is from the upper sandstones, it may be mentioned that the frag¬ 
ments were much mixed with pieces of red shales which may, however, have come from a 
higher level. 
The amphitheatrical appearance of the valley of the Kelu above Milupara has already 
been alluded . 0 . Owing to the jungle and superficial deposits, the boundaries are much 
obscured, but at Hingjhar there are exposed some ferruginous sandstones and red shales 
* On the one inch to a mile scale. In the accompanying Bketch map the hill shading has been omitted. 
