PEAT L] 
Blanfotd: Geology of Sind. 
17 
Gasteropoda. 
Turritclla angulata. Buccinum Cautleyi. 
Bucoinum Yiearyi. 
Crustacea. 
Balanus sublsevis. Palneocarpilius rugifer.* 
The most characteristic fossils of the formation are Breynia carinata and Ostrea multi* 
costata. Species of Clyipeasier {JEcftinanthus apud D’Arehiac and Haime), Echinolampas 
Jacquemonti, Kuplius (?) rectus, Venus granosa, Area larhhanaensis, A. Peethensis, 
A. KurracMensis, Pecten Favrei, Turritella angulata, aud Balanus sublavis are also 
common. 
That the above fauna is later than Eocene is self evident, the genera of Echinodermata 
alone being amply sufficient to prove the later tertiary age of the rocks. I feel some doubt 
as to whether the group is as old as the Miocene of Europe. It must be borne in mind 
that one important characteristic of the European Miocene is the presence of genera now 
confined to tropical or subtropical seas, and consequently a similar fauna in subtropical Indian 
rocks may indicate a later geological age. The definite test of the age of Indian later 
tertiary rocks must be the same as that applied by Lyell and others in Europe—the com¬ 
parison of the fossils with the fauna now living in neighbouring seas—and until this can be 
made, only a provisional age should, I think, be assigned to the beds. Whilst, therefore, the 
Gaj group may for the present he called Miocene, as forming the middle tertiary group of 
Sind, 1 think it jmssible that it may ultimately prove Pliocene, and that the Nari beds are in 
part at least, the equivalents of lire European Miocene. Bearing in mind that the fossili- 
ferous beds at the base of the Nari group have unmistakable miocene affinities, it is impossi¬ 
ble to consider the Gaj beds older than Upper Miocene. 
The Gaj group is found throughout the Khirthar range, and usually forms the first 
well marked ridge west of the lower hills of soft Sevalik (or Manchhar) sandstones. South 
of the Nari Nai, this belt of middle tertiary beds turns to the south-east, and finally more to 
the eastward, and it forms a range of hills of small elevation about four miles south-west 
of the Manchhar Lalto. To the south-west of the lake, the group appears to be entirely 
wanting, and the Sevaliks rest, apparently conformably, upon the Upper Nnmmulities (Nari). 
The Gaj beds are also absent east of the range running south from Sefcwan/f They, however, 
appear in places in the valleys to the west of that range, near Bula Khan’s Tirana; and 
south-west of that place and of Tong they occupy a very large tract of country, hitherto 
imperfectly examined, extending south-east towards Jungsliahi, and west towards the Habb 
river, along which they stretch to the neighbourhood of Karachi. Their relations with the 
overlying rocks in this country require further examination. 
6. Manchhab ok Sevalik Geoup. 
_ The highest group of the Sind tertiary series has hitherto received but little attention. 
It is unfossiliferous as a general rule, and there can be but little doubt of its representing 
formations better exhibited and more fossiliferous in the Sub-Himalayan region, aud already 
widely explored. It is far from impossible that further study of the Sind bods may show 
that they are separable into two or more sub-groups. In one instance at least there was 
observed evidence of probable unconformity between different portions of them. 
* Stoliczka, Pal. Indica. 
+ A bed only two or three feet thick has just been found representing them 
unestoue, and contains Otlrea multicostatu, Pecten Favrei, fyc. 
near Vero. It rests on Khirthar 
