44 
Records of the. Geological Survey of India. 
[VOL. IX. 
at once do away with the above hypothesis ; there appears to be a difference in the number 
of cusps in the molars of this specimen from typical forms, which, according to Prof. Owen, 
might be grounds for specific distinction. 
Apparently, from the specimens in Falconer’s collections in the typical Sivvalilc strata 
of the districts adjoining the Jamna, which include the highest beds of the series, the 
skulls and molars of the highly specialized suh-genus Euelephas, as exemplified by 
E. hysndricus, were equally common with either of the species of Stegodon; passing, 
however, more to the westward, towards the Satlej and the Beas districts, we find that 
most of the fossils obtained by Mr. Theobald (which form the chief part of the Siwalik collec¬ 
tion of the Geological Survey) are obtained either from the middle grey sandstones, or the 
lower red clays,—both older than the Markanda river beds; among these fossils the pro¬ 
portionate number of Stegodon molars to those of Euelephas is about 30 to 1; or in the pro¬ 
portion of 10 to 1 (allowing for the three species of Stegodon). In the newer deposits of 
the Narbada valley, we find Euelephas JVamadicus the dominant species, while Stegodon is 
only represented by a few specimens of S. insignis ; in the present Indian Fauna, Euelephas 
alone survives, Stegodon having died out; the latter genus is confined to the tertiary beds of 
India, Burma and China ; we find, therefore, as might have been predicated on anatomical 
grounds, that the simple form, Stegodon, appears to have been gradually dying out since 
Siwalik times (how long before that it originated we are unable at present to say), and to 
have been replaced by the more highly specialized forms of Loxodon and Eueleplias, of which 
the latter is the most highly specialized. The pedigree of the Prohoscidia is probably some¬ 
thing of this sort, as shown in the diagram; Tapirus connecting it with other Ungvlata. 
EUELEPHAS 
Namadicus 
Hysndricus- 
LOXODON 
Planifrons . Africanus 
\Meridionalis 
\ 
Bombifrons 
(lanes a STEGODON 
Indicus 
Primigenius 
Antiques 
Orientalis ? 
Sinensis ? 
Insignis ' 
Perimensis 
Sioalensis 
DE1NOTHER1UM 
Cliftii 
Latidens 
MASTODON 
European and American 
species 
TAPIRUS 
COMMON ANCESTOR 
Until geological explorations have been carried out to a greater extent in the countries 
between India and England, it is impossible to say in which direction the migration of 
elephants took place ; it would not, however, ho unreasonable, from the number of species 
and genera found in the Siwaliks and other Indian strata, to suggest that India was the original 
home of the family ( Elephas, Mastodon, Deinotherium, and Tapirus are all found fossil in 
India), and that the migration took place from thence, all the sub-genera having taken origin 
