54 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vol. IX. 
The relation of the Subathu group to these limestone masses is most uniform ; not only 
is there complete parallelism of stratification, but the beds in contact seem to be the same 
throughout. This is most markedly the case in the nummulitic group, the bottom bed every¬ 
where being the peculiar pisolitic clay, identical with that I described as a bottom bed of the 
group at Subathu (loc. cit., p. 78), and also identical with that in the same position on Mount 
Tilla at the east end of the Salt Range. It is normally a ferruginous layer, but the 
removal of the iron often leaves it nearly pure white. The coaly hand with some shaly clays 
immediately overlies it; to which succeeds the limestone. Immediately under the Subathu 
bottom bed there is very commonly found a sort of silicious breccia. The perfect angu¬ 
larity of all the fragments forbids the idea of their having undergone any transport, as would 
f rim A facie be suggested by the occurrence of such a band over a very large area, and often 
when the bedding has undergone no contortion. In this rock iron-ore has been extensively 
mined at many places, especially on the Sangar-Marg ridge. I believe the rock to be a 
shattered condition of a sandstone band that often occurs at the top of the great limestone 
series. The ore is a cellular limouite occurring in nests and strings through the breccia; it is 
probably derived by decomposition and infiltration from the coaly band of the Subathu 
group. 
The great limestone itself is a dense cryptocrystalline rock, in this respect contrasting 
strongly with the compact and often earthy nummulitic limestone close above it. It is often 
thin-bedded, locally cherty, and occasionally has intercalated bands of silicious slates and 
flags. The aggregate thickness of the formation must be great. We could nowhere find any 
trace of fossils in it, and I could see no special points of resemblance in it to the Krol group 
of the outer Himalaya east of the Satlej. On the more gentle northern slope of the range the 
Subathu group stretches high up along every spur; and the pisolitic bottom bed with its 
attendant quartz breccia occurs on the highest summits. It will he seen how this relation of 
the nummulitic zone here to the underlying formations agrees with that in the trans-Jkelam 
country, and contrasts with its total unconformity in the Himalayan region east of the 
Satlej. 
At Kotli on the Phneli we have the feature representing the middle tertiary break of 
the Simla region, being the outer boundary of the inner tertiary bolt. It is here a double 
folded-flexure, with inversion between the axes, and faulting along the inner (anticlinal) axis. 
On the strike to the north-west towards the Jhelarn the compressed flexure expands, the 
faulting dies out gradually, and upper beds stretch across the anticlinal axis. We were not 
able to follow this line up to the Jhelarn, but these changes in it are the same as occur in all 
these features as they approach the Jhelarn; the faulting which is so common along the main 
flexures in the Sub-IIimalayan region dies out; and in many cases the flexures themselves 
cease and are taken up, on the new strike west of the Jhelarn, by representative, not con¬ 
tinuous, features. The two main north-west south-east anticlinal flexures outside the Kotli 
diin seem to bend continuously into the north-east south-west anticlinals on either side of 
Mount Nar, west of the Jhelarn. I had not time to follow them so far ; but I got a very 
near view from the summits east of the river. The synclinal of the Sensar dun, between 
those anticlinal ridges, certainly rises with a steep south-east dip in the ridges flanking Mount 
liar on the south-east and well seen at the Owen ferry. 
The less defined flexures of the lower Jamu hills are also traceable into connection with the 
trans-Jhelam lines. The anticlinal crossing the Punch to north-west at Suru bends round 
and runs into a branch of the Bakrala north-east flexure below Dangli ferry on the Jhelarn. 
The main representative of the Bakrala anticlinal continues on to Salgraon, where it merges 
into several minor transverse corrugations. Similarly, the broad north-north-cast anticlinal of 
Behri and Godari sinks into the synclinal area of Ckaomuk; and further south, the Rhotas 
north-north-east anticlinal spreads and sinks into the synclinal outside the last branch of the 
Himalayan flexures, north-east of Bhimbar. On the whole, the transverse line of the Jhelarn 
