56 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[voi.. IX. 
of these deposits, i. e., that the existing rock-gorges load been to a great extent cut out before 
their accumulation, then filled by them, and subsequently cleared out. again. JBubhor stands 
on a great bank of these beds packed against a ridge of vertical Siwalik conglomerates; and 
the bottom beds are seen to pass continuously for some way up the gorge of the Satlej, while 
the top beds of the same set are found capping the inner ridge of grey sandstone above Naili. 
They are unquestionably of very ancient post-tertiary date. 
The distribution of this formation in the hills is generally limited to a greater or less 
distance from the great river courses; a fact which seems simply a question of levels; the 
fiat watershed of the duns being commonly 500 to 600 feet over the main drainage level. 
The supposed glacial deposits of the Kangra valley would belong to this old diluvial 
period. I must mention that though we were unable to account for the distribution of the 
great erratics otherwise than by glacial action, Mr. Leydekher and myself were unable to find 
the moraines so graphically described by Mr. Theobald (Yol. VII, p. 86). The features so 
named are, I believe, only ridges of erosion out of a deposit that must once have filled the 
whole valley, remnants of it being found on the outer ridge high over Kangra fort. 
The same deposits are largely displayed about the Jhelam, capping the Rhotas ridge 
on both sides of the Kalian; and on the Potwar, filling the valley of the Sohan, and 
covering the country for some distance from the Bakrala and Tilla ridges with large blocks 
of stone, for the transport of which it is difficult to account. Mr. Theobald strongly 
advocates their glacial origin, finding what he considers evidence of an ice-stream from the 
south-east flank of Tilla, past the villages of Huuula and Hun, to within about 1,000 feet 
of the sea level. 
As the principal object of our season’s work, it is necessary to say something of the 
correlation of these tertiary groups, especially since, in the absence of direct information, 
conjectural affiliations have been published by the Survey—by Mr. Wynne in his Memoir 
on the Kohat Salt Region (Mem., Yol. XI, 1875), and by Mr. Blanfonl in his paper on the 
Geology of Sind (Roe. Vol IX, 1876). The former finds representatives of all the lower 
tertiary zones in the Kohat and Salt Range sections, and almost excludes the Siwaliks (see 
table, p. 24); while the latter runs the Siwaliks and Nahans together as equivalent to his 
Manehar (plioceue) group (p. 21). It is but right to explain that these opposite mistakes are 
largely due to some unpublished work of Mr. Theobald’s in 1873-74, who, starting from the 
Satlej, somewhat arbitrarily restricted the Siwalik group to the outermost range of hills, and 
mapped all the rest as Nahans, up to the traus-Jhelam country, although finding in them 
fossils of the Fauna Sivaleusis, the object set before him being to work out the presumed 
distinction of the Nahan and Siwalik faunas. Mr. Wynne accepted his stratigrapliical 
identifications, and Mr. Blanford on his side was equally right in insisting that there was 
a very close affinity between the fossils said to be from the two distinct horizons. 
Whatever value may be ultimately assigned to the unconformity which originally sug¬ 
gested the separation of the Nahan group in the Cis-Satlej region, the distinction of the zone 
as a comparatively barren formation at the base of the great mammaliferous Siwalik depo¬ 
sits will hold good, even if the fossils, whenever discovered, should make it desirable to 
designate the group as lower Siwalik. It has now been traced with fair certainty into 
the traus-Jhelam country, where it is represented by several hundred feet of sandstones and 
clays immediately overlying the nummulitic limestone on the east end of the Salt Range. 
It may not. unlikely be the equivalent of Mr. Blanford’s Gaj (miocene) marine group 
in Sind. 
It seems vei’y doubtful whether it will be practicable or desirable to separate this band 
from possible representatives of the upper Sirmtir strata, in the vastly greater thickness 
of purple sandstones and clays transitionally overlj'ing the Subathu group in the Himalayan 
