94 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vol. ix. 
these beds : one of them is different from either of the Siwalik species, and allied to R. 
deccanensis of Mr. Foote, while the other approaches to 11. palceindicus. The species of 
TAstriodon appears to mo to be the same as Listriodon pentapotamim from Attock. I think 
it probable from this fauna, either that it was separated from the typical Siwalik fauna 
by physical barriers, or that it might have been slightly older. Mr. Fedden tells me that 
the Mammals from these deposits are found nearly at the base of the fresh-water series; in 
the Potwar district, on the other hand, they occur nearly at the top: this suggests that 
the Sind fauna is somewhat the older.* 
The fauna of the Kushalghar beds near Attock comprises a small group of Mammalia, 
in which the species and in many cases the genera are quite distinct from those of the typical 
Siwalik area; all the specimens from this locality are molar teeth in an excellent state of 
preservation, so that there can be no doubt as to the correctness of their specific identification ; 
the fossils arc embedded in a red clay matrix, w'hicli lends confirmation to my suggestion that 
they may belong to the Kahun zone of Mr. Medlicott. Among a total number of nine genera 
from these beds no less than five are extinct; one of these genera, Dinotheriwm (as noted 
above) is unknown in the typical Siwaliks; while another - , Antoletherium, is peculiar to 
these beds: a third, Amphicgon, is only known in the typical Siwaliks, from a single 
carnassial tooth of the lower jaw brought by Mr. Medlicott from the red-clay and sandstone beds 
of Nurpur (these beds are placed quite at the base of the Mammaliferous Siwaliks) ; the Attock 
specimen, which is an upper true molar, must have belonged to a much smaller animal than the 
Siwalik specimen; and the two species were doubtless distinct. The Mergcopotamus of 
the Kushalghar beds seems to be the same as the Siwalik and Burmese species +; a 
lower molar of Rhinoceros, from the same locality, is quite distinct from those of either 
of the Siwalik species of the genus. A species of Dorcatherium from these beds may or 
may not be distinct from Falconer’s Siwalik species, the original and description of which 
seems to have been lost, the name only appearing in a manuscript note. A very small 
and distinct species of Sus (the animal could scarcely have been larger than Hodgson’s 
Rorcidot salvanid) is also peculiar to these beds. Listriodon has only just been found 
in the Siwalik strata by Mr. Theobald; it existed in the lower Miocene of Europe: I 
think the Siwalik species is the same as Falconer’s Listriodon pentapoiarnios. 
Apart, therefore, from the position of these Kushalghar beds in the geological series, 
their Mammalian fauna is found to be very markedly distinct from that of the Siwaliks, 
From the presence of such, simple forms as Antoletherium Dinotherium and Listriodon 
together with Amphicgon and Dorcatherium —all European Miocene forms—and from 
the absence, hitherto, of all such specialized types as It os, Elephas, Equus, &c., 
wo are led to place this fauna in closer connection with the ancestors of the true 
Siwalik fauna. Whether the ago of the fossils is really prc-Siwalik, or whether the 
animals from which they were derived lived in part contemporaneously with the Siwalik 
fauna, but shut off from it by physical barriers, must remain an open question until the 
exact position of the beds is determined; at all events there seems to be a distinctness in the 
fauna of all the Mammaliferous beds of the western side of India from those of the typical 
Siwaliks of Falconer. Dinotherium and Listriodon are only found at Attock, in Sind, and at 
Perim. The above comparisons tend to show that the Burmese Fauna, though different, still 
* In my note on Stegodon ganesa (Eec. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. IX, pt. 2, p. 46) I made the error of calling 
these beds “• supra-nummulitic” instead of Siwalik. Mr. Blanford’s paper on Sind was not published when I wrote 
the paper. 
f See Appendix. 
