part 3 .] Lydekjcer: Fossil Mammalian Fauna of India and Burma, 99 
differ most: moreover, the continents of modern India and Europe differ now (irrespective 
of what may have occurred in Tertiary times) very greatly in climate, and to this cause 
alone we may attribute in great part their present divergence in faunae. 
If a more complete series of Mammalian remains should hereafter he discovered in the 
Tertiary strata of Africa, we may confidently expect to find among them more conclusive 
evidences of the former mingling of the fauna) of the three great continents of the old 
world. Among the few Mammalian remains which have been obtained from the upper 
Tertiaries of Algiers, there is a species of Bubal.us (B. antiquus: see Gervais’ “Zoologie 
et Pateotitologie,” 1st series, pi. XIX), which approaches much nearer in the form of its 
cranium to Bubalus ami of India, than to any living African species of the genus; 
certain characters, however, relate it to B. braehyceros of the latter continent. Intermediate 
forms like the above afford the most conclusive evidence of the former connection of the two 
continents. 
The presence of two or three genera of Mammalia in the Siwaliks seems to indicate 
that at some period of time the fauna of the Indian region must have had communication 
with the progenitors of the American Fauna; for instance, the genera Mastodon and Equus 
are common to the Tertiaries of Europe, Asia and America: Sivaiherium is not only related 
by the form of its molar teeth to Camelopardalis and Megaeeros, but in the structure of its 
horn-cores it approaches the American Antiloeapra, and no other living Mammal. Camelus, 
again, which is found fossil in the Indian Tertiaries, and in no other formations in the world, 
must have had some relationship with the ancestors of the Lamas and Yicuunas of the 
Cordilleras: a fact which I have just discovered confirms this point: the Siwalik camel 
presents a peculiarity in the lower molars which is not found in the living species, hut exists 
only in the American Aiiehenia.* If camels exist wild in Turkestan, the presence of the 
genus among the Siwalik fauna is one of the few instances in which that fauna is related 
to the fauna of Central Asia. 
No remains of Edentata (now sparingly represented in India) have hitherto been described 
from the Siwaliks. Insectivora are likewise unknown; and no specimens of Bodentia have 
been obtained since Falconer’s original specimens. As is so generally the case among older 
faun®, many of the Tertiary animals of Iudia vastly exceeded in size their modern representa¬ 
tives ; as instances we may note, Slegodon ganesa, Sivaiherium , Brcnnci/Jierium , Bhinoceros 
platyrhinus, Ilymarctos sivalensis, and above all Colossochelys gigantea. 
With regard to the presence of man among the fossil fauna of India, it will he noticed 
that the discovery of a stone weapon in the gravels of the Nerbudda by Mr. Hacket, and 
of another by Mr. Wynne, in the Godavari Valley, have confirmed the suggestion of Dr. 
Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II, page 577) that man would one day be found in these deposits. 
No traces, however, of man have yet been discovered in the Siwaliks, though Falconer 
thought they might occur even here ; and on the theory of these beds being Pliocene, occurrence 
of human remains is still more probable ; even yet I think all hope of finding them is not ex¬ 
hausted, especially when we remember how very rare are the remains of any Mammals of the 
anthropoid type; the one tusk of an Ape allied to the Orang, found by Falconer (Pal. 
Mem., Vol. II, page 578) is still the only specimen of the species hitherto discovered among 
the many thousands of specimens brought from these deposits. It must also be borne in 
mind that the whole of the Siwalik fossils are derived from strata and not from caverns, 
and that, therefore, the chance of finding human remains among them is so much the less. 
* This peculiarity will subsequently be fully described. 
