part 1.] Medlicott: Observations on Underground Temperature. 
45 
extend for some miles south of the great fault running east and west half a mile south of 
Jaha (a village 6 miles south-west from Jhand), either horizontal or with a slight northerly- 
dip. 
Malowal, W. THEOBALD. 
22 nd January 1877. 
Note.— The above species of Emydine, according to Mr. Theobald’s description, is quite distinct from any 
specimens in the Indian Museum; in this group of Tortoises I have already determined an JEmys , an Etnyda , a 
Damonia, and a JJategur , from the Siwaliks, in addition to Pangshura tectum determined by Falconer, which I shall 
subsequently describe. 
It is somewhat noticeable that among the very few genera which Mr. Theobald has instanced as shewing the 
very modern age of the beds from which the new Bellia was obtained, that he has mentioned the genus Hippotherium , 
which in Europe is exclusively Miocene and older Pliocene. 
R. LYDEKKER. 
Obsebvations on Undebgeottnd Tempebatuke, by H. B. Medlicott, M.A., 
Geological Survey of India. 
In 1875 two “protected Negretti ” thermometers were sent to Dr. Oldham hy Professor 
Everett, Secretary to the Underground Temperature Committee of the British Association. 
I happened at the time to be working in the Satpura coal-field, where the deepest borings 
for coal as yet attempted in India are in progress, so one thermometer was forwarded to 
me by parcel-post. To my great disappointment it arrived broken to atoms, in spite 
of its triple protection of glass, copper and wood, with cotton padding.* The occasion 
would not, however, have been propitious for observation, for a double reason : it was 
advanced in the hot season (March 1875), and it would have been difficult at any hour 
of the day or night to set the thermometer lower than the degree it would have to register 
in the hole ; and also, the principal boring was in active progress, so that the heat generated 
hy the work would have, to an unknown extent, falsified the ground-temperature. 
In the following season (1875-76) I had to take up work in a distant part of India ; 
hut early this season (1876-77) I made arrangements to visit the borings at a favourable 
time. Some untoward circumstances occurred; hut in one case, at least, the results are 
quite reliable, and therefore of interest. Observations were taken in three borings. They 
are all marked in the annexed table for comparison ; but those at Manegaon only can he 
taken as satisfactory, for reasons that are explained. 
Through the kindness of Mr. Wood-Mason I was supplied, in case of accident, with a 
Casella-Miller deep-sea thermometer (No. 18492). Both instruments were used together 
in each observation, the Casella above, the Negretti below, the bulbs being fifteen inches 
apart. The Negretti proved much the more sensitive and steady of the two, as may be 
seen from the table. There was on an average nearly half a degree index-error between 
them. All the readings are, of course, on the Fahrenheit scale. In every observation the 
line was worked very carefully hy my own hand, or by my colleague Mr. Hughes. It was 
lowered very gradually to the required depth, and left at rest a full half hour at that depth. 
All the holes are from five to six inches in diameter. At Khappa, the well above the 
piping, is 10 feet deep, the water standing just below the top of the tube. At Manegaon 
the well is 8 feet deep, the water standing at 11 feet from surface of ground. 
* The protecting glass tube was unbroken, but the thermometer bulb was in fragments, and the stem broken in 
the middle, the cork disk having parted from the collar of the tube. 
