part 3.] Wynne: Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in N.-W. Punjab. 109 
From its evident connexion with the Himalayan hills, I have attributed this abnormal 
contact to the out-thrust of the mountain mass on settlement, producing complicated 
inversion or oblique displacement. Although I do not think there is concealed unconformity 
present between the nummulitic groups on each side, I am not prepared to say there is 
absolutely none, nor can I venture to decide at what post-eocene period the dislocation 
took place. 
The sub-division of the upper part of the great tertiary zone to the east has been 
carried out chiefly on the basis of slight lithological differences, or marked physical breaks, 
without collateral aid from the fauna so long known to exist abundantly in the newer 
beds. In this western district, these breaks being absent and fossil bones and teeth occur¬ 
ring also at lower stages than the usual horizon, the separation of groups has been still 
more tentative. It remains to be seen bow far these divisions may be supported by palaeon¬ 
tology, for the stratigrapkical distribution of the fossils has not yet been fixed. 
Amongst the lowest tertiary bods, the greater limestone groups of this district are 
conspicuous. The intervening band between these and the sandstones, &c., has been identi¬ 
fied as Sabathu (in part), but the upper members of the triple Sirwur group, peculiar 
to the middle Himalayan area, have their nearest equivalent in the “Murree beds,” transi¬ 
tionally overlying the upper nummulitic rocks here. The higher portion of these Murree 
beds would also seem to occupy the place of the Nahan group, and they pass upwards 
into the Siwalik sub-divisions, continuous with those of the adjoining Jamu country. 
The local characters of each of the four large nummulitic areas of this country present 
themselves strongly : the great limestone covering the Salt Eange differs entirely from the 
even more largely developed nummulitic limestone of the outer Himalayan hills, and the 
upper transitional nummulitic group on that side of the basin shows both affinities 
and differences compared with the limestones beyond the Indus. These last are distinguished 
from all the rest by their close association with the great rock-salt deposits of that country 
and its overlying gypsum, a rock, however, frequently occurring in smaller masses among the 
upper nummulitic beds conterminous with the outer Himalayas. 
The question has been raised whether the whole of the great nummulitic limestones of 
this country are not merely equivalents of parts of the Sabathu zone of the Simla and 
Jamu areas* I have concluded that these massive limestone groups occupy a lower place 
or places in the series than the variously-coloured and mixed calcareous and earthy (Sabathu) 
deposits, for the following reasons:—These beds of limestone, clay, and sandstone (here 
recognised as Sabathu) enter and leave the district as a more or less distinct band, external 
to the hill nummulitics, and passing into the overlying sandstone and clay series. These 
mixed beds, as an assemblage, differ from the mass of the limestones on the inner side 
of their boundary-fault or line of abnormal contact. That feature and the disturbed 
condition of the ground prevent the sequence from being seen, but towards the same side of 
the trough, in the Khaire Murut ridge, I have found a section at a place called Chorgali 
clearly showing the whole of the local upper group resting conformably upon the more 
massive and clearer limestone of the older part of the series (see p. 118). Both groups being 
present in the same section, one cannot be the representative of the other.f 
* Messrs. Me&licott and Lydekker’s papers alluded to at commencement. 
+ Accepting Mr. Wynne’s use of the term “Sabathu,” any argument in the matter would be needless, for it is 
perfectly evident that the coloured and mixed deposits west of Murree to which he restricts tbe word “Sabathu” do 
overlie, and cannot represent, bis bill limestone. But this name is one of our oldest Indian group-names: for 
many years the name “ Subafhu” has stood to mean the nummulitic rocks of the outer Himalaya; and in its typical 
region, and very well marked through the Jamti hills, there is a bottom band of clear limestone under the coloured 
clays, and having, if possible, a higher claim to the name than they have. It has been reasonably suggestod 
