part 3.] Wynne: Tertiary zone ancl underlying rocks in N.-W. Punjab. 113 
Lower (red and grey)] Siwalik —( Soft grey sandstones and brown or grey clays, slightly harder grey sand- 
Pliocene (Lydekker), about 10,000 j stones, many red clays; mammalian remains, bones, teeth, &c., locally 
f ee L abundant. Ossiferous throughout. 
Mttrbee Beds— Upper Miocene (Lydek¬ 
ker), 7,500 feet average. 
f Upper 800 feet 
j average. 
C Harder grey sandstones, with soft zones, red or purple clay. Fossils— 
J reptilian and other bones not numerous, some fossil wood. At Salt 
-j Range, purple and grey harder sandstones, red and purple clays, a few 
I green sandstones (locally); reptilian remains, exogenous wood, bones 
k scarce, and fragmentary teeth rare. 
f Greenish-grey and purple sandstones, grey, olive-brownish, red and varie- 
j gated clays with masses of rock gypsum. Foruminifera, ( nummulites, 
1 &c.), Gastropoda , Bivalves, fossil mammalian bones occasionally. Crus- 
I taceans rare. 
Nummulitic— Eocene j 
to Miocene (Lydek- } 
ker). 
l^Lower ... - 
Trans.-Indus 1 , 700 -v 
Salt Range 500 (-Average 1,066 
Himalayan 3,000 ' ^ 
In Salt Range, Trans-Indus, and part of Chita Pahar. Whitish or 
usually palo limestones, coaly shales, &c., below. In Kohat district 
are sandy limestones, olive shales, and red clays also, as well as gyp¬ 
sum and rock salt. Fossils, Forantinifera (Alveolina locally numerous), 
large Gastropoda, Bivalves, Eckinoderms, &c. Northern or hill num- 
mulitie, grey limestone weathering pale, dark foetid limestones, 
olive shales: Forqtninifera. 
Obs.— Series parallel and conformable from the pale limestones upward to top of Siwaliks. The boundaries of 
the groups are transitional and indefinite. 
The downward continuation of the series, so far as now known, includes the following 
formations 
Cretaceous (?)... 
Jurassic 
Triassic ... 
Carboniferous 
Speckled sandstone 
Magnesian sandstone 
Obolus beds (Silurian) 
Lower or purple sandstones 
Gypseous series ... 
Southern or Salt Range series . 
... Sandstones, conglomeratic clays, shales. 
... Sandstones, limestones, oolite, &c. 
... Limestones, shales, red sandstone and clays. 
... Limestone, sandstone, shale. 
... Sandstones, clays, conglomerate. 
... Dolomite, pseudo-limestone, shale, sandstone. 
... Dark, cluncliy, shaly and sandy bed3. 
... Purple sandstone, replaced by conglomerate. 
... Scarlet marl, gypsum, rock-salt. 
■ZV- H.—The series differs at either end of the range by absence of, or changes in, certain groups. 
Cretaceous 
Jurassic 
Triassic 
Infra-triassic ... 
Silurian (?) Attock slates (azoic) 
Metamorphic ... 
Crystalline 
Northern or Himalayan series. 
... Limestones, some rusty and sandy. 
... Limestones, sandstones, black (Splti) shales. 
... Limestones, magnesian in part, shales, sandstones. 
... Silicious and dolomitic breccia, Bhales, sandstones. 
... Black and grey slates chiefly, limestones, magnesian in part, trap, 
... Part of the Attock slates usually slightly altered. 
... Syenite-gneiss, trap rocks, and granitoid rocks. 
N. R.—Carboniferous rocks are unknown in the northern serieB of this district, but occur in Kashmir and to the 
east of the Jhelum (see Mr. Lydekker’s paper on Pir Paujal). 
In describing the rocks belonging to the different tertiary groups, I shall follow what 
is known or appears to he their chronological order, commencing with the earliest. 
Nummulitic Limestones. 
Hill Nummulitic beds. —Of the four local kinds of nummulitic limestone the oldest 
perhaps is that of the outer Himalayan hill region : its position and general aspect, with its 
less fossiliferous character and the manner of its association with the mixed groups, are 
points giving sufficient grounds for a strong inference that this is the case. It is, generally 
speaking, dark-coloured, foetid and massive, with nodular or lumpy bands, the whole 
irregularly and locally interstratified with masses of brownish, olive or darker shales. 
