part 3.] Wynne: Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in N.-W. Tanjdh. 115 
taken from one of the most detailed sections I have got near Murree* shows thicknesses for 
parts of the formation of over 2,150 and 2,700 feet; this is, however, but a partial result, 
and the whole may much exceed 3,000 feet. There is a large group of light-coloured evenly 
bedded limestones in the Hazara hills which appears intermediate between the hill nurnmul- 
ites and the cretaceous rocks. 
Salt Range Nummulitic Limestone. —In this region the formation is made up almost 
entirely of limestones presenting a greater unity of character and uniformly a much paler 
colour than the northern group. Intervening clay or shales are rare or absent, and where 
any occur, they partake of the light colour of the limestone. Nodular or lumpy beds, made 
up of solid portions surrounded by a softer coating, are not uncommon ; compact and eherty 
limestones often predominate in the upper portion. Many of the beds are highly fossiliferous, 
containing numerous imperfect casts of large Gastropods more than 8 inches in height, or 
large Bivalves, and also Eckinodenns frequently as large as small melons. One small”fossil, 
Ostrea Flemingi , seems exceptionally well preserved. Nummulites are numerous, and 
Alveolince also occur, as well as other Foraminiferte. 
In the Eastern Salt Range layers of pale purple and yellowish limestone conglomerate, 
with limestone and flint nodules and pebbles, the matrix charged with small Nummulites , 
have been found to form the very uppermost few beds, conformably overlaid by the sandstone 
and clay series. In the somewhat outlying Diljaba and Bakrala ridge these beds re-appear at 
Goragali, but separated from the limestone by a mass of greenish shales several feet in thick- 
ness, and having much the appearance of the upper nummulitic beds on the north side of the 
tertiary belt. Some red flakey clay or shale is also associated. 
At the base of the Salt Range nummulitic formation dark shales are very commonly 
present, frequently overlying white, sub-conglomeratic, coarse and fine sandstones interstrati- 
fied with pale red sandstone bands and red or lighter grey (rarely gypseous) shales.f The 
dark shales are often coaly or contain a single or divided layer of bright coal averaging three 
feet (the Salt Range coal). Mottled red and white unctuous or lateritie clay occurs as an 
accessory in thin or thicker beds. These lateritie and huunalitio layers sometimes occur at 
the very base of the limestone, and sometimes below the coaly shale or among the white 
sandstones. They vary a good deal as to the amount of iron present, arc sometimes 
pisolitic (when the grains are used as shot or bullets) or replaced by white clay, and they are 
sometimes altogether absent. 
The coaly shales are not the very lowest nummulitic layers. At places in the East Salt 
Range, where most carbonaceous, one or two underlying calcareous beds contain nummulitic 
fossils; and to the west, as in the Bakk ravine (Miisakhel), a considerable thickness of 
nummulitic limestone separates them from the lower formations. This variegated and mixed 
band below the main limestone has in the eastern region a probable thickness in some places 
of more than 200 feet, but parts are often concealed by talus deposits. It is less prominent 
to the west. 
The whole southern nummulitic group frequently shows itself in high cliffs and varies in 
thickness from about 500 feet to nothing, being entirely absent in places at either extremity 
of the range Cis-Indus. 
* The observations for this section were mapped on a scale of 300 feet to an inch and carried along the clear 
cuttings for the new road between Murree and Abbotabad for over 23 miles. I look upon its information as far 
as it goes, as reliable. 
t At one place south of Chcl hill, East Salt Range, a layer in such shales not far below the limestone contains 
narrow, pointed leaves. 
