part 3.] Wynne: Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in N.-W. Tanjah, 11? 
The rocks consist of greenish drab, grey, red, and deep purple clays or shales, asso¬ 
ciated with masses of gypsum and alternating with thin layers of buff, grey, or bluish 
limestone frequently of lithographic texture, sometimes whitish and marly. Among the 
calcareous beds many are little else than aggregations of Num,mulit.es, Qfiereulince. &c., 
but sometimes their matrix is a dark green or yellowish or reddish sandstone, and sometimes 
greenish- clay or shale. Beds entirely composed of small Bivalve casts or of Tu.rriteUa: 
occur, but more rarely, and with the former, fragments of small Crustaceans have been once 
observed. The marine fossils are greatly more numerous individually in these upper beds 
than in any other nummulitic rocks of the country. Large mammalian hones or smaller 
fragments have been also found in this group, occasionally with Nummutites attached. 
The group varies as to predominance of any of its ingredients ; sometimes limestones 
and sometimes clays are most developed below; and in places there arc hut few calcareous 
layers present. Strong zones of yellowish grey sandstone appear in westerly localities, 
while eastwards a great thickness of bluish grey sandstones and purple clays resembling those 
of the overlying series are included. These are without fossils, except fucoidal impressions. 
One remarkable hut thin contact layer occurs here and there where the main group of 
limestone beds is overlaid by sandstones. It consists of a nodular and conglomeratic limestone, 
passing into calcareous sandstone, and containing concentric concretions with subangnlar lumps 
or pebbles of fossiliferous nummulitic limestone. Strings, layers, and groups of Nummnlites 
occur also in the paste. Subject to variation as to its conglomeratic aspect, it has been 
found at different places in this northern band, also along the Salt Range and Trans-Indus, 
with one exception always marking the junction between limestone and sandstone stages. 
This exception is where a limestone hand made up of small concretions weathering detached 
(otherwise a junction or representative layer)* was found interstratitiod with Murree beds, 
north of the Diiga stream, between Mali and Jand. The layer has some importance, tending 
to unite the groups last described with this, if it can be taken to mark an horizon, 
but appears to occur accidentally (like other nummulitic layers among the lower Murree 
beds) in the exceptional case noticed. 
The character of transition and unity with the overlying Murree beds is marked along 
the place of junction by alternations of rocks which might belong to either group. Sand¬ 
stones and clays like those overlying are common, and limestone layers occur considerably 
removed from any other upper nummulitic rocks. Beyond the Indus such appearances 
are more frequent. Towards the Murree hills, limestone bands, very similar to that of the 
adjoining mountains, are associated with these upper nummulitic rocks : the disturbance is, 
however, so great, that it is not clear whether they are sometimes intercalated or introduced 
by faulting. In some cases, though dislocated, they appear to belong to this group, in others 
to be separated by faulted portions of it from the remainder of the bill beds. 
Disturbance also obscures any very satisfactory estimate of the thickness of the group. 
From contorted sections in the lower ground this was found to measure more than 1,500 feet. 
Mr. Lyman gives 500 feet for the more calcareous part of Fatahjang, and after deducting 
probable repetitions in the Kuldana section (where the great bulk is made up of beds similar 
to the Murree sandstones, &c.), there would remain, according to that exposure, 6,525 feet. 
The rocks occupy a space more than a mile in width across the strike, including, among the 
furthest from the hill nummulitic beds, a strong zone of limestone of 750 feet, apparently 
displaced. It is difficult to believe in this great thickness, but I have tried to restore the 
section, so as to unite the strong outer limestone with that of the bills, by means of supposed 
See Tfians-Indus Memoir, pp. 105, 113, 151. 
