part 3.] Wynne: Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in N.-W. Panjab. 119 
rarely elsewhere, conglomerate or pebbly beds are found containing rounded fragments oE 
nummulitic limestone, sometimes with bard pebbles from still older rocks. These are pretty 
often seen in the ground about the eastern extremity of the Salt Range. 
Other fossils are not numerous in the Murree beds, yet scattered bone fragments, croco¬ 
dilian teeth, or scutes and pieces of exogenous fossil timber may be found near its southern 
base. These remains are locally numerous on Mount Tilla, along the Salt Range and beyond the 
Indus. Bones occur immediately over and partly in the upper surface of the nummulitic 
limestone at a pass on the road to Koffset from Ivushalgarh near Gurgurlot mountain; again in 
the lowest sandstones at the northern end of the Chichali pass in the Shin Garh mountains ; 
occasionally in the neighbourhood of Fatahjang, and rarely at the foot of the Murree hills. 
In many cases they are too fragmentary for identification ; some large specimens, however, 
of mammalian hones appear among these rocks on the Bakrala ridge near Dom61i. In the 
same range, over Bakrala pass, and also near Zyarut, west from Jand towards the Indus. 
I found fragments of the teeth of Mastodon; hut the best fossils of the group are those recorded 
by Mr. Lydekker (Records, Vol. IX, pt. 3, & Pal. Ind. cit.) from Kushalgarh, found at 
some now unknown locality, and including Mastodon, Dinotherium , Listriodon, Rhinoceros, 
Antoletherium, Sits, and Antphicyon.* 
Intense disturbance, and along its northern limits inversion, greatly obscure the thickness 
of this group, which must be nevertheless very large. The whole of the nearer hills south of 
Murree and the Murree ridge itself are formed of its beds; one steeply inverted portion at 
that station some 2,600 feet in thickness forming hut a small portion of the ridge. In the 
lower ground there are appearances of nearly vertical beds for miles across the strike, hut 
these are most probably produced by compressed folds, the upper parts of which have been 
denuded, foriu the general strike towards the Indus the rocks are seen to he closely contorted. 
The beds occupy a width of from ten to sixteen miles across the northern side of this district; 
beyond the Indus they appear thinner, yet still form a prominent purplish belt round each of 
the disturbed nummulitic anticlinals of that country, and along the Salt Range they have 
certainly lost thickness as well as much of their characteristic aspect. On the whole, 6,000 to 
8,000 feet may not be too large an estimate for the group. 
The newer tertiary rocks being all transitional, it is as difficult to fix a definite upper 
boundary for these Murree beds as to separate them from tho rocks below, yet the brighter 
colours of the clays and sandstones upwards are sufficient to indicate some difference and an 
approach to the newer groups. The marine nummulitic conditions were no longer present, 
and there is no certain trace of the land surface on which the timber grew which is found 
fossilised in these Murree rocks, for all the specimens appear to have drifted from other 
places to whei'e they are now found: the presence of mammalian hones and crocodilian 
remains are, however, indication that land was not far distant. 
Lower Siwalik. —The rocks succeeding the Murree group in conformable sequence, where 
not faulted against it, are clearer and brighter grey sandstones and red clays, the uppermost 
parts of the clay bands having frequently grey or rusty tints. For want of a distinctive name 
which should not imply an identity not pi'oved, I called these the “ red and grey group,” but 
Ihey have since been traced into continuity with the lower and most fossilif'erous portion of 
the Siwalik beds of the Jamu country: there is, therefore, no longer any doubt of their position 
in the series. 
The passage is so gradual from the lower (Murree) group that the predominance of red 
over purple in the clays or a cleaner grey colour of the now softer sandstones afford hut 
♦These hare been noticed by Falconer and others as Attock fossils. The association of the name of that 
distant locality, where older azoic rocks only are found, is very inappropriate. 
