part 3.] Wynne: Tertiary zone and underlying roc/cs in N.-W. Punjab. 121 
places it appears as nearly the highest band of the group underlaid by soft grey sandstones 
and brown or bright orange clays, but further to the east similar rocks to these overlie it. 
This sandstone usually contains scattered pebbles, or strings of pebbles, of quartzite, Ac. ; 
and where the overlying orange and grey rocks do not interrupt, it passes upwards by 
increase of the pebbles into the conglomerates of the highest tertiary group. Sections of 
2,000 feet entirely formed of it have been met with. Mammalian bones occur but are not 
numerous in the Dangofc sandstone. Similar thick sandstones, occupying the same general 
position, are found at the Jhelum side of the district, and the pebbly upper portion of the 
Lower Siwaliks seems to be most developed towards the eastern and western limits of the 
Potwar country. 
Thicknesses of 4,000, 6,000 and 11,000 feet have been observed in this Lower Siwalik 
group. 
Upper Siwalik. 
This division includes the great conglomerates and associated beds which terminate the 
tertiary series of the country. Like all such deposits, these conglomerates are inconstant, 
admitting intercalations of the same kinds of soft grey sandstones and grey or orange clays 
as underlie them. Besides these, highly ferruginous and occasionally bright red clay bands 
appear. The conglomerate is in greatest force near the large rivers, as at Salgraou 
on the Jhelum, at Makad on the Indus, and forming the cliffs called Kaffirkot between the 
Kurram and Bahadur Ivhel. The enclosed pebbles and boulders, ranging up to 18 inches in 
diameter, are almost entirely of metamorphie and igneous rocks, forming an extremely varied 
assemblage,* the mainly Himalayan source of which is indicated by the same detritus being 
still carried downwards in the channel of the Indus. Amongst these pebbles a fluctuating 
percentage of limestone occurs, some belonging to the Silurian (?), triassic, Jura, and 
hill-nummulitie beds of northern regions, and some few towards the Indus to Alveolina 
or coral-bearing rocks, supposed to have travelled from the westward. Away from the large 
rivers, as in the Soan Upper Siwalik basin, conglomerate beds, though less prominent, 
still appear, sometimes formed of limestone pebbles from the ranges to the north, or where 
the transported fragments are fewer, these include sandstone pebbles presumably derived 
from the Murree group. 
* For the advantage of obtaining the newest European names of some of these pebbles, I submitted duplicates 
of a quarter of a hundred to my friend Mr. Kinahau as an authority on the subject of rock names. The following 
are their designations according to him, quartzites predominating ;— 
1. Red and grey brecciated jasper (silicified shale), i 
Z. Black pisolitic horustone. 
3. Red and grey pisolitiu quartzite. 
- 1 . Purple felstone (Veuyte”) withblood-red specks, 
white and green silicious amygdala. 
5. Black compact dolerite (aphauyte). 
6 . Red and green blended compact “ slightly opliy- 
tic* felstone. 
7. Purple granular quartzite. 
8 . Quartzose amygdaloidal curyte. 
9. Granular purplish gray quartzite. 
10. Hard green felsittc amygdaloid, tufoid. 
11. Green amydaioid, white infusible amygdala. 
12. Purple amygdaloid. 
13. Gray aud black speckled felspathic rock. 
(To 13.) “These are ail passage rocks between curyte and 
felstone, the * Hybrid rooks’ of Duroehcr.” 
11. Flesh-coloured quartzite, 
15. Black hornstone with thin parallel lines of 
quartz (riband argillyto, silicified shale). 
16. Hard purple felsitic trap (tufoid part of a 
euryte ?) 
17. Coarse granular subcrystalliue quartzite. 
18. Saecharoid white quartzite or “greissen.” 
19. Banded purple and flesh-coloured quartzite. 
20. Black atgillyte. 
21. Olive fine-grained qnartzite. 
22. Flesh-coloured and green mottled silicious rock 
(with nests of Olivine ?). 
23. Compact green felstone, harder than a file. 
24 Coarse flesh-coloured quartzite. 
25. Fine-grained black pyritous quartzite (Its- 
beryte ?). 
These must fall very far short of all the varieties 
of hard rocks among the pebbles of the Siwalik 
conglomerates. They wel’o collected chiefly at 
(he Jhelum side of the district. 
