Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[VOL. X. 
122 
In some parts of the district, the Upper Siwalik conglomerate masses are replaced by 
clays. This occurs south of the Bakrala ridge, and thence nearly to the Jhelum in a north¬ 
westerly direction. Again, in the valley of the Soan the group is represented by a mixture 
of very recent-looking sandy rocks and dull reddish clays, with an occasional dark, almost 
carbonaceous band ; and numerous layers of gravelly conglomerate, or the limestone pebble 
beds already mentioned. To the westward near the Indus a thick deposit of drab and 
pinkish clays clearly overlies the conglomerates; it has furnished the Emydine described by 
Mr. Theobald, and other fossils (ante, 4 of List). Here, too, grey soft sandstones and orange 
clays are so intimately associated with the characteristic conglomerates as to have taken a 
considerable place in the upper group. 
Siwalik mammalian remains are found in this upper division less frequently than below, 
and they often pr esent a rolled or worn appearance as if derived from older beds. 
In these Upper Siwalik beds, measurements of 3,600, 3.700, and 5,000 feet have been 
estimated from sections made to scale, and observations on the ground. 
It will be seen from the foregoing descriptions that while different stages can be recog¬ 
nised in these tertiary rocks, their boundaries are somewhat conventional. The separation 
of the marine nummulitic rocks as the representatives of those in other parts of India or Asia, 
and the recognition of one great fresh-water series succeeding, would have marked the pro¬ 
gress of more or less regular aecummulation. Some of the beds, however, being clearly in 
continuation with sub-divisions of regions to the east (where more definite distinction exists), 
I have extended the classification to this ground as far as practicable. 
Upon the estimates given, the whole series presents an aggregate depth of between 
25,000 and 26,000 feet, or nearly five miles, of tertiary rocks. What terrestrial changes the 
time represented by the successive accumulation of such vast deposits may have witnessed, 
is beyond consideration here. 
A few sections taken across the country, to show the manner in which the rocks occur, 
are appended. It should be remembered that the necessity for reducing their length to 
suitable compass renders them very diagramatic. 
Unconformable Post-Tertiary and Superficial .—Large tracts of this district are covered 
by superficial accumulations resembling the alluvium of its present great rivers; indeed, 
owing to the rapid fall of these they are rarely depositing streams. Ordinary alluvium does, 
however, occur along their banks in pdaces, particularly near the Lower Jhelum and Upper 
Indus. The older alluvium or silt very frequently predominates on the higher plateau 
ground, often cut through by intricate “ Ichudderus ” so as to show the underlying rocks. 
Sometimes it prevails in open depressions. Nearly all of it is more or less impregnated 
with soda salts (Kttller), rendering large areas difficult of cultivation, and, by facilitating the 
action of rain-water, increasing the rapidity with which “ Tchudderas" are formed or 
extended. 
Its colour varies considerably below, but the uprper portion is nearly always a dull 
pinkish drab, glistening, finely micaceous and often distinctly stratified silt, in which 
“ Tcankar ” (carbonate of lime nodules) is locally abundant. Near Jand and Sagri, the silt 
is locallp' overlaid by loose blown sand, and it is everywhere undergoing transportation to 
lower levels. The saline nature and stratified condition of this silt suggest an estuarine 
deltoid or lacustrine origin; it has only been found to contain land shells of recent species. 
Before the time of the deposit just described, certain of the larger depressions in the 
country existed, and some, such as the Soan, Sil, and Lower Hazara valleys, were unconform- 
ably occupied by coarse pebble beds and sand or clay. These pebble beds are not, however, 
