part 3.] Wynne : Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in N.-W. Punjab. 123 
confined to the valleys; they rise out of that of the Soan on its northern side near Rawal¬ 
pindi, and seem to have once overspread a good deal of the country west and north-east of 
that station with strongly-marked unconformity. They overlie the sides of the Rotas 
gorge near Jhelurn; occur near Nowshera on the Son-Sakesar plateau of the Salt Range; at 
Namal to the westward; and cap the mountain above Kalabagk on the Indus. In most cases, 
if not always, they are undisturbed; but rest at locally steep angles of deposition in one or 
two places (in the Park at Rawalpindi, and Son plateau, Salt Range). In the So&n valley 
and towards Rawalpindi the pebble-beds are chiefly formed of detritus from the limestone hills 
to the north, but the very layers consisting most largely of calcareous pebbles at the Pindi 
side of the valley, crossing the river, gradually change into a mass of light-coloured 
quartzite boulders, the original locality of which is as yet unknown. The unconformity so 
strongly marked near the Soan bridge on the Trunk Road is scarcely traceable in lower parts 
of this valley, though of course it exists. 
In the Hazara and Chuteh (Chajj plains, the pebble rocks beneath the superficial silt, &e., 
appear as a coarse conglomerate or well-rounded gravel, chiefly of syenitic and gneiss frag¬ 
ments, overlaid by thick horizontal sands, sometimes consolidated so as to form a, sandstone 
of almost precisely similar appearance to those of the upper tertiary beds, but enclosing 
subangular and rounded blocks of crystalline rock similar to the pebbles beneath. 
Along the Indus and in the banks of the lower part of the Hard river these pebble 
and boulder beds are again seen, occupying different levels, chiefly in the lower part of the 
river deposits.: similar post-tertiary accumulations form rather a high flat between the 
Mirkulan and Chita hills, and the thick sands recur on the Indus near Siijanda. 
North of the Mirkulan aud AfEridi hills, detrital beds, apparently of the same group, 
were observed near Ispmhak, as saline yellow, pale pink, greenish, red and white sands, 
clays, and gravelly beds with bones,* or soft micaceous sandstone. 
These coarse deposits, though not always present, seem to be transitional with the lowest 
layers of the silt, and this has not been observed to overlie the pebble bods in some lofty 
situations, where it may bo doubtful that it ever was deposited. 
The heights at which the post-tertiary beds are found range from about 800 to 3,000 
feet above the sea; they have much the aspect of river deposits, and may have been formed 
at different periods. 
Another variety of superficial accumulations, dating far back, though still forming, is the 
“ wash” or “ fan ” detritus edging the Salt Range to the south, the hills near Banu, and those 
in the neighbourhood of Mirkulan and Pullosi passes towards Cherat. 
Calcareous tufa (“kamat”) is not an uncommon associate of the newer deposits. Sheets 
of it are interposed between the “pebble beds ” and the underlying Murree group, upon the 
hanks of the river Le, near Rawalpindi; others seem to have once overspread the ground 
near Fatabjang, and it is frequently seen among or near the limestone hills. 
Erratics.— Dr. A. Vercliereis believed to have first recorded the occurrence of large 
erratic blocks near Trap village on the Soan, attributing them to flotation by means of ice. 
Tiiese travelled blocks are distributed along the left bank of the Indus from Attock 
southwards, reaching into the country for ten or twelve miles from the river. They are more 
numerous between the parallels of Attock and Jand than further to the south, strewing 
the surface of the ground in patches, some being partially buried in the sand or other 
superficial accumulations. 
Major Yicary found the bone of a camel (?) Id apparently the same beds at Akhora (au. eit.). 
