124 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[VOL. X. 
A group of these erratics occurs on the road between Jand and Kushalgarh; one is of 
granite, measuring over 15 feet by 9 feet by 3 feet (exposed). Others close by are of syenite, 
gneiss, kornblend schist, and black slate. For a few hundred yards around the ground is dotted 
with similar and smaller blocks, and others are numerously distributed over the neighbouring 
sandy country. Some ot these appeared smoothed, but none that I saw showed any signs of 
striation. 
Near the Tutal or Rais river opposite to Jand erratics occur again, but fewer. One of 
grey syenite measured 4 feet by 2 feet by 2 feet 2 inches; and a block of grey gypsum, 18 
inches by 12 inches, was precisely of the kind occurring beyond the Indus in the Gurgurlot 
and other hills, or at Baktar on the left bank of the river, where it crosses the Chita 
range. 
Two large erratics lie near the hamlet of Kummefallia (Wahlia of the maps) south of 
Dak nor: one of white granitoid rock, weathering dark, has a girth of 50 feet and a height 
of 6 to 8 feet; the other, of basalt, is 4S feet 6 inches in girth and 12 feet 6 inches hio-h. 
A block of grey felsite, set on end in the sand half a mile south of Hatti on the Trunk 
Road, forms a conspicuous monolith : it measures 8 feet G inches high by 18 inches bv 6 to 10 
inches. Not far to the north is a block of the Kyjnag and Hazara porphyritic granite with 
large twin crystals of felspar; it has dimensions of 9 feet by 3 feet G inches, and is much 
buried. There are others scattered about, but this one only suggests the northern source of 
these erratics with some certainty and the Indus valley as the direction from which they 
travelled.* 
Far to the south-east near Hoon, Mount Tilla, Rotas, and in the Bunhar river at 
Ghoragali, smaller and less angular erratic blocks of red granite are numerous. One of 
these, however, at Narwari, a mile east of the Collector’s bungalow at the Mayo salt mines 
(Khewra), is 7 feet in height, measures 15 feet in circumference at the ground, 19 feet 
half-way up,f and rests upon the red gypseous marl. These red crystalline boulders are 
supposed to have come from a peculiar conglomerate in the cretaceous or “ olive group ” of 
the Eastern Salt Range, or at least from the same unknown source as its enclosed blocks. 
One such boulder, polished and striated, apparently by glacial action, was shown me 
by Mr. Theobald, who found it in a wall near Waliali, on the eastern plateau of the Salt 
Range, not far from where the conglomerate just mentioned is in situ. 
By what means these erratics were transported, if not by the agency of ice, is unknown. 
Their size, sub-angular shape, and the distances they must have travelled, favor this sup¬ 
position. All do not seem to have wandered so much, thus localising the transporting 
cause: ou one of the river terraces of the Indus gert-ge between Purr! and Baktar, I measured 
an erratic mass of unfossiliferous limestone 9 feet high and 74 feet in girth, which may 
have belonged to any of the neighbouring limestones from the lower nummulitio downwards 
and seems to be as truly an erratic block as any of the others. 
With regard to the existence of a glacial period affecting the Upper Punjab in very 
reccut geological times, the only evidence the country seems to offer is in the occurrence of 
the formerly Indus-borne crystalline fragments at heights some 2,000 feet above the present 
bed of the river. These would iudieate either a very late elevation of the region traversed by 
the Indus, or that when it ran iu a channel so much higher, the hilly country to the north¬ 
ward may have been as much more lofty (or even higher still), and regions of perennial 
snow much nearer than they are at present. The denudation, which, influenced by earth- 
movements, or alone, reduced the general surface, would have removed most evidences of 
* 1 hare also noted granite ami other crystalline erratics at heights of four or five hundred feet above the 
Jlielum near Chuttur Kahns, the first stage from Kohala on the new road into Kashmir, 
From measurements kindly furnished by Dr, Warth. 
