126 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vox.. X. 
“ Carboniferous .”—Immediately above these layers the carboniferous series commences in 
the Nilwan ravine, as dull, dark-coloured, impure, calcareous beds of small thickness. West¬ 
ward the formation developes rapidly into a great mass of clear limestones, with some ferru¬ 
ginous or pale sandstones aud dark earthy calcareous layers, the whole often crowded with 
palmozoic fossils, amongst which Dr. Waagen found the unique carboniferous Ammonites 
which he has described (l. c. No. 9 of list). 
“ Triassie. '—Almost united lithologically with this group is a series of thin limestones 
and greenish shales or clays developed from the Son plateau of the range westward, and con¬ 
taining abundance of Ceratites, Goniatites, and other forms, of the same genera but of 
different species from those in the carboniferous group below (as distinguished by Dr. Waagen). 
On the evidence afforded by these a triassie age has been assigned for the group, to which 
period also a group of bright red arenaceous aud argillaceous rocks in the east part of the 
range, without fossils, hut full of casts of salt-crystals, has been referred. It immediately 
succeeds the magnesian group before mentioned. 
“Jurassic.” —Overlying the western triassie group are white soft sandstones, yellowish 
limestones, oolitic and earthy beds containing Belemnites, more rarely Ammonites, and other 
,Turassic fossils The upper part of this Jurassic group becomes dark aud shaly Trans-Indus at 
the Chichali pass, where a curiously inverted and faulted section is exposed. Along their 
Western Salt Range boundary, the uppermost Jurassic aud lowest nummulitic rocks 
present appearances of local transition through alternating hands of limestone, sandstone, 
and shale. 
“ Cretaceous." —In some places, however, as in the eastern part of the range and at the 
Chichali pass, dark-coloured shales and olive or yellowish sandstone with local beds of 
peculiar dark conglomeratic clay intervene between the above-named groups, or between the 
red trias (?) of the east and the coaly, shaly, ferruginous, or white sandy beds near the local 
base of the nummulitic formation. The shales in the Chichali pass contain several globose 
Ammonites, recognised at once by Dr. Waagen as cretaceous ; and I have found in these 
intervening beds (to the east) casts of large shells, which, with a few forms discovered by Dr, 
Waagen near Makraeh, led to suggest for the beds a cretaceous ago. 
From the salt marl upwards, all the formations, as far as the base of the tertiary, seem 
to he marine ; but as some are not fossiliferous, and there is a record of some plants found 
in the Jurassic group by Dr. Fleming, this is less than absolutely certain. 
It will he seen that the contrast is strong between the rocks of this area and the pre- 
tertiarv series of the outer Himalayan region. 
Westeen Punjais, Himalayan Seeies. 
“ Crystalline." —The oldest part of this series includes the syenitic rocks, granitoid 
porphyry, and greenstones of Hazara (Pakli valley, Stisulgali Agrdr, &c.), and, from 
specimens brought down, it seems that crystalline rocks are common in Ivaghan also. The 
granitic porphyry with its twin crystals of felspar, 5 or 6 inches high, is exactly like that 
occurring as erratic masses (from the Kyjnag range, &c.) near Nowshera in the Jhelum 
valley on the road from Murree to Kashmir.* 
* This porphyritic rock scorns to represent the central gneiss of Dr. Stoliczka’s Himalayan sections (Mem. Geol. 
Surv. Vol. V); at least he appeared to identify a block we found together in the Jhelum at Ilutti, Kashmir, with his 
" Albitc granite,” 
