130 
Records of the Geological Survey of India. 
[vou x, 
peak near Khairagali (where they were first discovered by Dr. Beveridge, R.A.). Ino- 
ceramus and Ammonites fragments, a Pecten and Belemnites , occur in another exposure 
of the Spiti group at Ivondragali on the Abbottabad upper road from Murree; and some of 
these fossils re-appear in dark-coloured sandy and calcareous rocks far down in the deep 
ravine of the Haro below this locality. 
None of these Jurassic rocks, Spiti shales, Trigonia zone, or the harder compact and 
semi-lithographic limestones in the least resemble the Salt Range Jurassic rocks, nor is there 
any similarity between the great trias limestones, &c., of the northern region and the 
Ceratite beds of the other locality. The cretaceous horizon of the northern area is chiefly 
marked b}' hard sandy limestones forming a thin hand at Sirban and in the hills close to Ivohat 
(though thicker limestones without fossils may also belong to the same formation). This hand 
contains several Ammonites, a few Baeulites and large Belemnites , generally of uncanali- 
culate forms. The aspect of the band is also quite unlike the dark shales of Chiehali 
or the “ olive group ” of the Salt Range. 
Pakeontological skill only can decide how far the northern and southern fauna are 
disimilar; to ordinary observation there is a striking difference between the fossils belonging 
to the formations of all ages from the two areas, corresponding with the lithological 
diversity, and suggesting much variation of conditions during palaeozoic and subsequent times. 
Distuebance. 
There are abundant instances of most intense disturbance and dislocation in this dis¬ 
trict, yet they appear to have resulted from hut one extended influence, which produced the 
whole system of its mountain features. Strata belonging to all periods older than post- 
tertiary are contorted, but as no chronological sequence can be distinguished amongst the 
countless folds or numerous faults in any of the series, the whole of the disturbance con¬ 
nected with the physical features can only be attributed to a post-Siwalik period. Whether 
the results are due to one prolonged or to consecutive exertions of force, there is as little to 
indicate, as there is to show when the action ceased. 
The marked line of disturbance, dislocation, and inversion along the outer Himalayan 
limestone hills has no counterpart in the district (unless a concealed feature of similar 
kind skirts the Salt Range on the south). It appears to imply special intensity of the dis¬ 
turbing agency. Other developments of extreme results occur;—a complete inversion of 
the Jurassic and tertiary limestones is seen among the hills between Shaladitta and Khan- 
pur (northward of Rawalpindi): inversion is common, sometimes extraordinary, all over 
the Kohat country, and its presence at Chiehali pass has long been known. 
Although whole ages of apparently tranquil accumulation distinguish the succession in 
the Salt Range, the limitation laterally of so many of its groups may have been connected 
with slight or local alterations of level 
In the Himalayan area there are traces of poalseozoic and mesozoic elevations and 
denudations, in the unconformities mentioned (at Sirban and Ifassan Abdal), however local 
these may have been ; and in the more central area, similar events in tertiary times 
are indicated by the derived fragments enclosed in the rocks. 
The presence of the great tertiary sandstone and clay series of this area asserts the 
previous existence of an elevated region to the north, and its Siwalik boulder beds point to 
a west Himalayan elevation in later tertiary times, as plainly as the distribution of the 
same boulders in subsequent deposits proves that those western Himalayan regions have 
remained elevated ever since. 
