fart 3 .] Wynne: Tertiary zone and underlying rocks in N. W.-Panjdb, 131 
The lofty situations of these Himalayan boulders in some localities may either indicate 
a post-tertiary elevation or be a measure for part of the sub-aereal denudation of the Upper 
Punjab. 
Description of the Figured Sections. 
These three sections, iu consequence of the vertical exaggeration necessary, will show 
at a glance the general fall of the country towards the Indus from the Murree hills and 
Salt Range. 
It will also be seen that the Himalayan side of the Rawalpindi plateau is much the 
most generally disturbed, the folding of the rocks being almost confined in its greatest 
intensity to the Nahan-Sirinfir band and those groups lying northward of it. The local 
character of the Salt Range disturbances will also appear, but the sections do not happen 
to cross where these are most developed. 
Section No. 1 is iu two parts, from the difficulty of taking a single line over the most 
expressive features of the ground. In the part of it along the Trunk Road it may be 
noticed that the upper Siwalik conglomerates at and near the Rotas anticlinal are represented 
in the Kharian hills and south of the Bakrala ridge by clays, The faulting at the latter 
locality might be supposed sufficient to account for this, but from the aspect of the neigh¬ 
bouring country it appears equally probable that the formation has changed and the coarser 
beds have been replaced as at the Kharian ridge. The N&han beds of Bakrala ridge have 
been already referred to. 
The lower Siwaliks are largely developed from Mount Narh to the southward, giving 
sections of over 13,500 feet; and the upper Siwalik conglomerate beds have a thickness of 
2,800 feet at Salgraon. The Murree hills are all formed of the rocks referred to the Nahan- 
Sirmur group, but the contortion is so great that their thickness can only be guessed at 
about 5,000 to 7,000 feet, with the probability of its being very much greater. 
The whole of the Kuldana spur, uniting the Murree ridge with the more lofty ranges to 
the north, is occupied by upper nummulitic beds, including a quantity of sandstones, Ac., 
so similar to the overlying ones that their identity has been doubted. If the faulting 
necessary to have produced the present arrangement could be accounted for in detail, these 
questionable beds might be admitted to have belonged to the series above. 
Northward from Kuldana the section has been already described, and its continuation to 
beyond the Mianjani slates near Batangi shows alternation of nummulitic and Jurassic 
or triassic exposures, crushed and faulted beyond recognition of the geological relations. 
The mass of red rocks at Dungagali are believed to be upper nummulitic beds introduced 
by faults. 
Section No. 2.—From Pind Dadun Khan to Gandgarh (or from the Jhelurn to the 
Indus).—In this section one of the most conspicuous faults of the Eastern Salt Range is 
crossed, bringing a portion of the tertiary Nahan beds against the lower rocks of the palaeozoic 
series. The land-slips and complexities of the Salt Range section here had to be omitted on 
account of the reduced scale of the section. North of the range the beds having most the 
appearance of the Nahan rocks may be taken at 1,500 feet, but beyond this the wido expan¬ 
sion of the lower Siwaliks rolling at gentle angles conveys little idea of the true thickness 
of the beds—a large one, however, in all probability exceeding 10,000 feet. The upper Siwaliks 
of the Soan basin may be estimated at from 300 to 500 feet, and are generally overlaid by the 
valley-deposits or loess, both series being in places so horizontal and so similar as to be hardly 
