2 
ANATOMY OF THE HORSE. 
Form .—Broad, thin, half-penniform. 
Attachment .—Interiorly, to the inner part of the jaw, near its 
symphysis : superiorly, to the under part of the tongue ; and also 
to the appendix of the os hyoides. 
Relations .—Externally, with the genio-hyoideus, hyo-glossus, 
sublingual gland, and branches of the gustatory nerve; internally, 
with its fellow; interiorly, with the genio-hyoideus; superiorly, 
with the tongue. 
Direction .—From below, upwards; and from before, back¬ 
wards. 
Structure .—Fleshy; with the exception of the anterior half of 
its inferior border, where it is hemmed by a slender tendon which 
connects it more firmly to the jaw. Its surfaces are in part covered 
with adipose substance. 
Action .—To project the tongue within the mouth, and draw it 
down: if one muscle act alone, the organ will be drawn to one 
side. 
LINGUALIS. 
The internal substance of the tongue consists of masses of 
fleshy fibres, taking various directions, and having interwoven 
with them a considerable quantity of yellow adipose tissue: 
anatomists consider these as a distinct pair of muscles. They 
take their attachments at the root of the tongue, from the body and 
appendices of the os hyoides, where they are separable and dis¬ 
tinct portions; and proceed downwards, between the hyo-glossi 
Jongi, and above the genio-hyo-glossi, to be buried and con¬ 
sumed in the substance of that organ. They receive the insertions 
of all the other glossal muscles. 
Action .—To contract the tongue lengthwise, and to draw it 
within the mouth. 
8.—PHARY'NGEAL REGION. 
hyo-pharyngeus. —Kerat o-pharyngeus. 
Situation .—Infero-lateral and posterior part of the pharynx. 
Form. — Flat, thin, quadrilateral. 
Attachment. —Infero-posteriorly, to the superior border of the 
corner of the os hyoides; supero-anteriorly, to the side of the 
pharynx. 
Relations. —Externally, with the pterygoideus intemus; inter¬ 
nally, with the larynx. 
Action. —To dilate the bag to receive the food. 
palato-pharyngeus. — Pterygo-pharyngeus. 
Situation. —Upon the side of the pharynx. 
Form .—Broad and thin : irregular in figure. 
Attachment .—Superiorly, to the pterygoid process of the 
