226 DISEASES OF THE AIR-PASSAGES OF HORSES. 
rattling, from the passage of the air through the mucus in the 
bronchi, and the expectoration is attended with greater exertion. 
The bowels are costive, the urine scanty and high-coloured, the 
tongue furred, and the thirst increased. 
So long as the breathing and cough continue dry, and the report 
from the bronchial tubes, during respiration, is sonorous, 9,nd with¬ 
out the mucous rale, the first stage of the disease may be said to be 
present. When expectoration first comes on, and the horse coughs 
the mucus up and snorts it from the nostril, it is generally very 
viscid and tenacious; and the more it can be drawn out into fine 
threads, the more irritable and inflamed is the surface secreting it. 
As the disease advances to resolution, the expectoration is more 
abundant, of a paler colour, and of less tenacity. In extreme and 
unfavourable cases the breathing becomes more laborious, the ex¬ 
pectoration and secretion of mucus diminish, the pulse is quick 
and depressed, the extremities and surface cold, countenance hag¬ 
gard and distressed, and in some cases delirium, which is soon 
followed by death:—but more of this when I come to the termina¬ 
tions. Bronchitis, in its primary form, is frequently connected 
with catarrh. 
Catarrhal Bronchitis .—This is a more frequent form of the disease 
than the one just described: it is the inflammatory irritation of 
catarrh affecting the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi. 
It commonly begins with soreness of throat, and other symptoms 
of cold, gradually creeping down the larynx and trachea to the 
large bronchi; and as the irritation subsides in the former, it be¬ 
comes more developed in the latter: however, it takes place occa¬ 
sionally without any symptoms of irritation, either in the nasal 
membrane, tonsils, or fauces, and evidently has its commencement 
in the trachea or bronchi. It begins with cough and falling off in 
appetite, the breathing somewhat deeper, dulness and loss of spirits, 
with more or less constitutional disturbance attending these local 
symptoms; a degree of anxiety and restlessness, the horse fre¬ 
quently changing his position, standing with one hind leg and then 
the other in rapid or frequent succession; the cough and resonance 
of the larynx and trachea is generally dry during the first and 
second day: in some cases a slight discharge from the nostrils 
commences with the disease, and will be observed when the horse 
drinks, if not perceived in his passive state; but in either case a 
plentiful secretion from the respiratory mucous surface generally 
comes on by the third or fourth day, and amendment of the symp¬ 
toms of the disorder takes place; and, as convalescence advances, 
the mucous secretion and cough diminish, and the animal soon 
recovers. This is the usual course of catarrhal bronchitis. But in 
some cases it presents a different character, and then the above term 
