198 CONGENITAL, HEREDITARY, CHRONIC GLANDERS. 
cessively the principal viscera, and causing disease of greater or 
less intensity, yet never losing its insidious character. It is a 
Proteus assuming every possible form ; often eluding our most 
careful investigation, and exposing us to the commission of fre¬ 
quent errors; and S( 
the lesion of an im 
thetic phenomena. 
It is, nevertheless, beyond doubt that glanders is often occa¬ 
sioned by irritation, more or less developed, of the respiratory 
organs of the chest. It may also be the consequence of inflam¬ 
mation of the intestinal canal. 
As a proof of the last assertion, I saw, in November 1830, a 
colt, eighteen months old, and which, during the last three or 
four months, had been getting very thin. It had often had inter¬ 
mittent colic, and which at length terminated in death, after 
acute enteritis accompanied by violent tetanus and perfect trismus. 
There was also discharge from the left nostril, and the submaxil¬ 
lary glands were enlarged and indurated. There was serious 
disease in the digestive canal, and especially in the small intes¬ 
tine, which contained 400 strongyli. The mucous membrane 
of the nose was ulcerated in various places. 
It is easy to perceive that a diseased state of the digestive 
canal must have existed during a considerable time. The colic 
, and the slow and long emaciation are likewise proofs of this. 
At length the visceral affection began to interfere with the dis¬ 
charge of the principal functions: it was certainly the cause of 
the tetanic spasm, and we must trace the disorganization of the 
pituitary membrane to the same cause. 
In conclusion, I believe the following to be the usual causes 
of glanders:— 
1. Living in low, badly ventilated, and badly managed stables. 
The deleterious emanations w'hich the animal is compelled to 
breathe, irritate the respiratory passages, and predispose them to 
take on this disease, under the influence of a very slight occa¬ 
sional cause. 
2. It is the consequence of inflammation, whether proceeding 
from the influence indicated above, or having, as its cause, al¬ 
ternations of heat and cold. If, in these circumstances, the 
disease attacks the pituitary membrane, it loses its intense cha¬ 
racter, and passes into a sub-inflammatory state, and disorganizes 
more or less slowly the tissue wdiich it affects. If, however, 
the inflammation manifests itself acutely in the bronchial mucous 
membrane, it soon gains the nasal cavities, by its phlogistic 
principle of extension, and produces glanders, which is always 
incurable. 
3 much the more frequent in proportion as 
portant organ is discovered only by sympa- 
