OF DOMESTICATKD ANIMALS. 
591 
fourteen molars; sixteen of these teeth are temporary, and re¬ 
placed by those that cannot again be changed. The temporary 
teeth are the same as those in the dog. 
Section 1. —The Incisors and the Tushes. 
A .—The incisors of the upper jaw are not of the same form 
or size as those in the lower jaw, and seem designed to fulfil 
different functions. Four of the upper incisors—the pincers 
(actually the centre teeth, but here designated according to their 
function), and the middle teeth (the teeth between the pincers 
and the corner teeth)—present the same conformation, and are 
fashioned and fitted the one to the other; while the corner teeth 
are separated from the middle ones, and look as if they were 
isolated teeth, of little use to the animal. The four first, short, 
thick, and curved backwards, do not differ from each other, ex¬ 
cept that the pincers are stronger than the next pair. Their 
outer face, which at first is black, striated, and, as it were, sha- 
grined, insensibly become white and polished. Their upper 
surface, obliquely placed, present, as in the horse, a cavity, of 
which the bottom is black and the edges unequal; the outer 
one being most elevated, and the inner one slightly sloped. 
Continued use gradually wears down the edges, destroys the 
cavity, and produces a plain surface. The root of these incisors 
is pyramidal, and provided with an interior cavity, which under¬ 
goes the same changes as in the horse. 
Each superior corner tooth, being in some sort out of the rank, 
is found in the middle of the space between the middle teeth 
and the tushes. It is a short straight tooth, of the fleur-dedis 
form. The root is simple, and longer than the body of the 
tooth ; and the tooth itself has considerable analos^y to the small 
supplementary molar of the lower jaw. It is very liable to be 
broken or torn out, and it very seldom continues long in the 
head. 
The temporary incisors of the upper jaw differ from the per¬ 
manent ones, not only because they are smaller and almost 
round, but by the position of the supernumerary incisor, which 
is close to the tush, and sometimes almost obstructs its growth. 
This struggle, as it were, between the teeth, occasionally so in¬ 
terferes with the feeding of the animal, that he is almost starved. 
It is then necessary to draw the incisor, which is effected without 
difficulty or after-inconvenience. 
The six incisors of the lower jaw are planted in a more regular 
row, and in a direction forwards and upwards ; the pincers and 
the middle ones touch, but the former arc a little broader and 
higher than the others; the corner teeth arc placed at a little 
