ON BAR SHOES. 691 
of CEstrum ; while in cows that have not been spayed there is 
always a change to a greater or less degree. 
As to the quality of the milk from cows that have been spayed, 
M. Francillon says, that it yields more and better cream than 
before. 
The cow of M. Perdonnet, operated on in January 1834, con¬ 
tinues to give, when at grass, the same quantity of milk which 
she did at the time of the operation ; but the milk, which had 
lost its cream for a few months after the operation, is now be¬ 
come richer than ever it was before. She has been at heat once 
only, and her milk did not undergo any change at that time. 
liec. Sept, 1835. 
ON BAR SHOES. 
By Mr. E. Charles, Clarges Street, Bondoji. 
A BAR shoe is a nearly circular piece of iron, applied to the 
foot of the horse, and is so called because, when first used, a bar 
was most probably welded across the heels of a common shoe. 
The diseases to the cure of which the bar shoe is most fre¬ 
quently applied, are corn and sandcrack ; and the effect sought 
to be produced is, the creation of a space between the shoe and 
the foot, so that no part of the weight of the animal shall bear on 
that portion of the foot which requires protection. 
In a foot to which a bar shoe has never been applied, there is 
little difficulty in keeping a shoe, however Clumsily it may 
be made, from bearing on the diseased part, because, the frog 
being in most cases higher than the heels of the crust, the bar of 
the shoe rests upon it, and the heels of the crust are thereby re¬ 
lieved entirely from the pressure of the shoe. But when, by the 
constant use of a bar shoe, the frog is worn down level with the 
heels of the crust, it becomes necessary that the shoe should be 
made to adapt itself to the altered state of the foot. This is done 
by making the shoe considerably thinner for the diseased or ten¬ 
der part, and leaving it thicker over the frog, that it may come in 
contact with that organ, while still at some distance from the 
heels. 
Another advantage is gained by this form of shoe ; viz. a per¬ 
fectly flat ground surface : the quarters are also preserved, which, 
under other circumstances, are almost sure to be destroyed ; and 
when the frog and quarters are worn away, the difficulty of keep¬ 
ing the shoe from bearing on the heels is increased in proportion 
