590 ANCIENT HORSEBREAKING AND HORSEMANSHIP. 
did the intestines themselves: the liver, however, and particularly 
the left lobe, was much inflamed. The lungs were highly con¬ 
gested, particularly the left lobe. The heart was somewhat en¬ 
larged, and the parietes of the right ventricle were very thin. 
This ventricle might be said to be in a state of dilatation. The 
pericardium contained about a pint and a quarter of serous 
fluid. 
The spinal canal was opened through its whole extent. In¬ 
flammation appeared to commence about the fifth cervical ver¬ 
tebra, and continued more or less to the third lumbar one. The 
greatest intensity of inflammation was between the fifth and 
seventh dorsal vertebrae. The fluid contained in the central canal 
of the chord was there quite black. The dura mater was much 
injected and thickened. The ligamentum denticulatum pre¬ 
sented marks of intense inflammatory action, and every vein 
belonging to the membranes was turgid with blood. The superior 
and lateral columns of the spinal chord presented no lesion, but 
the inferior columns had a pulpy appearance. To me this case, 
mysterious as it was during its progress, is now as clear as the day; 
and I only wish I had the pen or the experience of some whom 
I know, to do justice to such a subject. 
ANCIENT HORSEBREAKING AND HORSEMANSHIP. 
Skill in this art was deemed of too great importance to be 
lightly passed over. The equorum domitor became a title of 
honour among the ancients, because it signified a soldier, or 
chief, who fought on horseback, and skill in riding or driving 
w'as a requisite qualification of such warriors. But there were 
also professional riding-masters, alluded to by Xenophon, equi- 
sores.” 
The manner of breaking horses was various in different coun¬ 
tries, but that of the Greeks and Romans was in essentials this. 
Xenophon directs the colt to be rubbed and stroked in those 
parts of the body where he w'as most likely to receive the most 
pleasure, and these were deemed the parts most covered with 
hair. The groom was ordered, likewise, to lead him through 
crowds, and familiarize him to sights and noises of all kinds. 
The Greeks had a bridle armed with teeth, which came over 
the nose, like our cavesons, and was very severe in its effects; 
there w'as also a very rough bit, called the lupatum. These me¬ 
thods were applied, so far as was necessary, before the smooth bit. 
