232 
MR. YOUATt’s veterinary LECTURES. 
materially changed when we change the fixed point. The mus¬ 
cles which compose the serratus magnus influence the motion of 
the shoulder, while the chest remains a fixed point; but when, 
by throwing the whole weight on the fore extremities, the limbs 
are made the fixed point, the chest is materially expanded by 
the action of the same musc*les. Therefore the horse with de¬ 
cided pneumonia can scarcely be induced to move at all; he can¬ 
not spare for a moment the assistance which he derives from these 
muscles, and he will continue obstinately to stand until he falls 
exhausted or dying. How eagerly do we ask when we go into 
the stable, Was he down last night? And we conclude that we 
have not made much progress in the case when the answer is in 
the negative. When he is wearied out and lies down, it is only 
for a moment; for if the inflammation is not subdued, he cannot 
dispense with the auxiliary muscles. He frequently, and with 
doleful expression, looks at his sides —at one side or at both, 
accordingly as one or both are involved ; there is not, however, 
the decidedly haggard countenance of bronchitis ; and you will 
recollect, that in bronchitis the horse rarely or never gazes at his 
flanks—his is a dread of suffocation more than a feeling of pain. 
The head is pf'Otriided, and the 7iostrils distended, and the mouth 
and the breath intensely hot. The nose is injected from the ear¬ 
liest period; and there is not merely injection, but the membrane 
is uniformly and intensely red. The variation in this intensity is 
anxiously marked by the observant practitioner ; and he regards 
with fear and with despair the livid or dirty brow’nish hue that 
gradually creeps on. The continued intensity of inflammation 
he can probably combat, but he cannot repair the exhausted and 
disorganized tissue. 
Progress of the Disease. —The unfavourable symptoms are, 
increased coldness of the ears and feet, if that be possible ; par¬ 
tial sweats, grinding of the teeth, evident weakness, staggering, 
yet the animal will not lie down ; the pulse quickening, and be¬ 
coming weak and fluttering; the membrane of the nose paler, but 
it is a dirty paleness ; the animal becoming stupid, comatose : 
at length he falls, but he rises immediately : for awhile he is up 
and down, until he is no longer able to rise ; he then struggles 
severely—groans ; the pulse becomes more rapid, fainter, and he 
dies of suffocation. The disease sometimes runs its course with 
strange rapidity. I have known a horse destroyed by pure pneu¬ 
monia in twelve hours. The vessels ramifying over the cells have 
yielded to the fearful impulse of the blood, and the lungs have 
presented one mass of congestion. 
The favourable symptoms are, the return of a little natural 
warmth to the extremities; the circulation beginning again to 
