PNEUMONIA—ST. PANCRAS SCHOOL. 
279 
tible then to expand the ribs ; the serratus major, a very powerful 
muscle, ceases to act when the horse lies down ; but when he is 
standing, and the scapula becomes a fixed point, this and other 
muscles assist in expanding the chest. The horse stands without 
much exertion; thus, some never lie down, but sleep standing; 
indeed, they frequently die standing. 
There is always a difference in the force of the circulation in 
different parts of the frame in these cases. The blood will be 
determined toward's the rij^ht side of the heart, so as to cause a 
great difficulty in its passage : therefore, there will be weak 
action in all the branches of the aorta ; and the right side not 
being able to send blood into the left side, you will have diminu¬ 
tion of blood below the common standard in the branches of the 
aorta, while in the 
vessel cannot act. 
Thus, we find in this disease, that if we take away five or six 
quarts of blood, the pulse will increase in frequency and power. 
This is an almost characteristic symptom of pneumonia. A very 
frequent symptom is a languid pulse. Isothing is more true, 
than that the heart and arteries may be in a state of diminished 
power from being over-distended ; and in all inflammations the 
vessels are more or less in a state of debility. 
In the whitlow in the human subject there is frequent throbbing 
and thumping, and hence it is supposed that there is always an 
increased action in the inflamed parts; but it is the arteries en¬ 
deavouring to pump blood into the inflamed part, but w^hich 
cannot be forced on. The vessels of the part actually inflamed 
do not pulsate at all. 
Treatment .—In the horse, inflammation of the luno s terminates 
• • ^ 
m gangrene much oftener than in the human subject. As, then, 
the disease is so rapid in the horse, it w ill require those measures 
that wall have a very speedy effect, and w^hich are bleeding and 
exposure to cold. You must bleed immediately ; and by taking 
away six or seven quarts of blood you will find the pulse to 
increase. It is by bleeding and exposure to cold that we cure 
this disease. In the human subject they have always some 
guide to go by, viz. bleeding until fainting; but in the horse, if 
we were to bleed him until he fainted, a hundred to one but he 
died. 
In the human subject w'e have medicines w'hich wall produce 
such a degree of nausea as to border on syncope, and this prevents 
the pulmonary artery from pumping its blood into the lungs ; but 
the modus operand! of medicine is quite different in the horse : 
we endeavour to produce the same effect, but not by the same 
means. But in all and every case we want to lower the pul- 
pulmonary artery there is so much that the 
