REMOVING THEM, IN DO.flESTIC ANIMALS. 373 
tincture of cantharides twice a-day. Opium was afterw’ards used 
with benefit.’ 
“ I am now informed by Mr. Pope, that the mare, when he 
left her in November, w^as again quite well, and at work. The 
natural action of the parts is restored, and she seems to enjoy 
all the benefits of good health. 
The greater portion of the calculus was transmitted to me, 
which I put into the hands of my friend Dr. Murray, Lecturer 
on Chemistry, for the purpose of having it analyzed. By the 
analysis, 100 parts w^ere found to be composed of— 
Carbonate of lime, about .... 40 
Animal matter, apparently mucus of the bladder 
and albumen indurated .... 60 
100 
This, indeed, appears to be the composition of almost all the 
calculi which are found in the lower animals, though it is rare 
that they attain to the size of the one in question. 
‘‘ Calculi in the bladder frequently occur in bullocks ; and as 
small pieces of them occasionally pass with the urine, they are 
sometimes found to obstruct the passage, and threaten the life of 
the animal. 
“The animal will then be seen to stretch himself out, fora 
few minutes, making ineffectual attempts to void his urine, 
stamp his feet with pain, and kick his belly as if suffering from 
colic. Unless he is at this time relieved, the pain rapidly in¬ 
creases, inflammation of the bladder follows, and it becomes 
ruptured either by over-distention, or from its owm eflbrt to force 
out its contents : the urine escapes into the cellular tissue, or the 
cavity of the belly, producing inflammation of the peritoneal 
coat, wLich is followed by dropsy and death. 
“ When the operation is to be performed on an ox, the chief 
circumstance to be attended to is this : On making the incision 
on the part where the calculi is retained, it is advisable to draw 
the skin a little to one side before making the incision through 
the skin, and, having done this, the urethra may either be raised 
out from its situation in the loose cellular membrane, with w'hich 
it is here surrounded, and the incision made into the canal, while 
it is thus raised, or, if it can be done with readiness, the incision 
may be continued through all the parts, w hile they lie in their 
natural position. This latter operation, however, requires more 
dexterity than the other, and is also more apt to lead to untoward 
consequences ; because, if the incision is not made freely, and at 
once through all the parts into the canal, the repeated incisions 
produce more or less laceration of the parts; and there is a con- 
VOL. VI. 3 B 
