POMEROY ON FRUIT PLANTATIONS. 153 
shaped up into a sharp edge to enter it, and is secured 
as above. When this method is adopted, it is always 
done at a much earlier period, and generally in the 
nursery. The grafts are mostly procured from the 
same, or some neighbouring plantation. In taking up 
and re-planting, the setting of the tree upright is all 
that is attended to—but little method is observed in 
either cutting, or placing the roots ; the soil is returned 
as it came out, and if the ground is pasture, the turf 
is carefully replaced: they are then supported by one 
or two stakes driven into the ground, reclining towards 
them ; to which they are tied with a band of hay or 
straw. In the hop-grounds, no further security is 
required ; but, in those lands that are liable to be stocked, 
they have either thorns fastened round them, or a 
frame to protect them ; these frames consist sometimes 
of three stakes, standing triangularly with cross pieces; 
at other, of only two, but considerably broader than 
the former, and furnished in the same manner with 
cross pieces. This, however, must be understood of 
the superior management ; it is too often wholly- 
omitted ; or, having been provided at first, is after¬ 
wards neglected. In the hop-grounds, and more mo¬ 
dern plantations, the distance usually observed be¬ 
tween the rows, and betwixt the trees, is from thirty 
to forty feet. From this time till they reach their 
full growth, the only attention they receive is, to train 
the trunk upright, and to clear the bead from the low 
hanging boughs, in order to place them as far as may 
be, out of the reach of cattle. Pruning the trees, and 
clearing them from decayed and useless wood, is, in 
some degree, continued afterwards. In about five 
years from grafting, they begin to bear ; and in about 
thirty years, are supposed to attain their prime, and 
to 
